Aviation and climate change / George T. Blumenthal, editor.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lattanzio, Richard K., author.

Contributor:

Blumenthal, George T.

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, issuing body.

Series:

Environmental science, engineering and technology series.

Climate change and its causes, effects, and prediction series.

Environmental science, engineering and technology

Climate change and its causes, effects and prediction

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aircraft exhaust emissions--Environmental aspects--United States.

Aircraft exhaust emissions.

Aeronautics, Commercial--Environmental aspects--United States.

Aeronautics, Commercial.

Greenhouse gases--Environmental aspects--United States.

Greenhouse gases.

Climatic changes--United States.

Climatic changes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (254 p.)

Updated irregularly

Edition:

[Library of Congress public edition].

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2010.

[Washington, D.C.] : Congressional Research Service, 2020-

Language Note:

English

Summary:

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aviation accounts for about 2 per cent of human-generated global carbon dioxide emissions. This book discusses the IPCC's medium-range estimate forecasts that by 2050 the global aviation industry can emit about 3 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Contents:

Intro

AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS EXPECTED TO GROW, BUT TECHNOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES CAN HELP CONTROL EMISSIONS

WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY

WHAT GAO FOUND

ABBREVIATIONS

BACKGROUND

AVIATION EMISSIONS REPRESENT A SMALL BUT GROWING SHARE OF ALL EMISSIONS

Aviation Contributes about 2 Percent of Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Aviation Contributes about 3 Percent of All Human- Generated Emissions

Global Aviation Emissions Are Expected to Grow but Forecasts Vary, Primarily Reflecting Different Economic Growth Assumptions

Forecasts of global economic growth and air traffic primarily drive IPCC's emissions estimates

Other forecasts show continued long-term growth, but emissions could fall below estimated levels during the current economic downturn

Assumptions about other factors could affect IPCC's forecasts

EXPERTS BELIEVE FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ARE LIKELY TO HELP REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT, BUT LIKELY NOT BY ENOUGH TO FULLY OFFSET ESTIMATED MARKET GROWTH

Experts Believe That Although Many Technologies Are Expected to Help Reduce Emissions Growth in the Future, They Involve Trade-offs

Aircraft Engine Improvements

Aircraft Improvements

Experts Also Expect Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions in the Future, but Reductions May Be Limited

Air Traffic Management Improvements through NextGen Will Incorporate Technological and Operational Improvements to Help Reduce Aircraft Emissions According to Experts

Alternative Fuel Sources Have Potential for Reducing Aircraft Greenhouse Gas Emissions, but Challenges Exist.

Improvements to Reduce Emissions from Aircraft Face Challenges and According to Experts Adopting Them May Not Be Enough to Offset Future Market and Emissions Growth

GOVERNMENTS CAN USE A VARIETY OF POLICY OPTIONS TO HELP REDUCE COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS, BUT THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EACH VARY

Market-Based Policies Could Be Used to Provide Airlines and Other Sources with an Economic Incentive to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Cap-and-Trade Program

Cap-and-Trade Plans and Legislation

Emissions Taxes

Subsidies

Distribution of Costs under Market-based Measures

EMISSIONS STANDARDS COULD LIMIT EMISSIONS FROM SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGIES, BUT ARE GENERALLY NOT AN ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT APPROACH FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Government-Sponsored Research and Development Can Help Encourage the Development and Adoption of Low-Emissions Technologies, but May Be Costly to Governments

AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION

APPENDIX I. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME

EU ETS Law

Legal Implications of the ETS

Stakeholder Positions on Legal Issues

Stakeholder Positions within the United States

Stakeholder Positions outside the United States

Legal Scholar/Researcher Views

Potential Legal Challenges and Dispute Resolution

APPENDIX II. LIST OF EXPERTS

APPENDIX III. DETAILED SURVEY RESULTS

Introduction

Instructions for Completing This Tool

Part 1. Technology Options

Part 2. Operational Options

Part 3. Alternative Fuel Options

APPENDIX IV: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

APPENDIX V: COMMENTS FROM THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

APPENDIX VI: COMMENTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

END NOTES

Chapter 2 AVIATION &amp

EMISSIONS - A PRIMER

WHAT EMISSIONS COME FROM AVIATION?

WHAT DETERMINES AVIATION EMISSIONS?.

WHAT HAVE BEEN THE TRENDS ON AVIATION EMISSIONS?

HOW DO AVIATION EMISSIONS COMPARE TO GENERAL TRENDS IN LOCAL AIR POLLUTANTS?

HOW DO AVIATION LOCAL EMISSIONS COMPARE TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES?

CAN A COMPARISON BE MADE BETWEEN AVIATION EMISSIONS AND NON-TRANSPORTATION SOURCES?

WHAT ROLE DOES AVIATION EMISSIONS PLAY WITH REGARD TO GREENHOUSE GAS ISSUES?

HOW DO AVIATION'S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMPARE TO OTHER TRANSPORTATION SOURCES?

HOW ARE AVIATION EMISSIONS REGULATED?

WHAT IS BEING DONE TODAY TO REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS?

WHAT STEPS ARE BEING TAKEN TO REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS IN THE LONGER-TERM?

AVIATION EMISSIONS ARE BEING RESPONSIBLY CONTROLLED

End Notes

Chapter 3 HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS

Chapter 4 HEARING ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS

NATA CLIMATE INITIATIVE

PUBLIC RELATIONS CAMPAIGN

INDUSTRY ACTIONS

NetJets Inc.

DayJet Corporation

Tropospheric Flight

LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS

Chapter 5 STATEMENT OF DANIEL K. ELWELL ON AVIATION EMISSIONS

Chapter 6 WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF DR. DAVID W. FAHEY ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS

INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF AVIATION OPERATIONS THAT LEAD TO CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)?

WHAT ARE THE UNCERTAINTIES IN EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF AVIATION OPERATIONS ON CLIMATE FORCING (OR CHANGE)?

WHAT ARE THE GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ON CLIMATE FORCING FROM AVIATION?

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS AND THE COMMERCIAL AIRLINES' CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITMENT

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Commercial Aviation is Extremely GHG Efficient

ATA Airlines Are Proactively Committed to Further Limiting Their Emissions Footprint

Congress Has a Positive, Partnering Role to Play

CONCLUSION.

End Notes

Chapter 8 AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: NEXTGEN AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ARE KEYS TO REDUCING EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH AND CLIMATE

AVIATION'S SMALL BUT GROWING PROPORTION OF TOTAL EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

KEY FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ADDRESS AVIATION EMISSIONS INCLUDE NEAR-TERM OPERATIONAL CHANGES AND LONGER-TERM R&amp

D INITIATIVES

NextGen Initiatives Have the Potential to Help Reduce Emissions

Federal R&amp

D Focuses on Long-Term Approaches to Addressing Aviation Emissions

FAA Supports Research on Improving the Scientific Understanding of Aviation Emissions and on Alternative Fuels

NASA Conducts Fundamental Aeronautics R&amp

D in Support of NextGen, Including Efforts That Can Help Lower Emissions

SEVERAL STEPS CAN BE TAKEN TO HELP REDUCE AVIATION EMISSIONS, BUT CHALLENGES REMAIN TO BE ADDRESSED

Expediting the Implementation of NextGen Can Help Reduce Aviation Emissions

Management improvements can move nextgen forward more efficiently

Deploying available NextGen components can demonstrate their ability to operate together and achieve anticipated efficiencies

Resolving Aeronautics R&amp

D Funding Issues Is a Further Step in Addressing Aviation Emissions

Reducing the Impact of Aviation Emissions Poses Technical, Financial, and Regulatory Challenges

Simultaneously Addressing Air Pollutants, Greenhouse Gases, and Noise from Aircraft Presents Technical Challenges

The Financial Condition of the Airline Industry Creates a Challenge to Implementing Emissions-Reduction Technologies

More Stringent Regulatory Standards Pose Challenges for Airport Expansion Projects.

Market-Based Initiatives to Reduce Aviation Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Could Pose Challenges for U.S. Airlines by Increasing Their Costs

APPENDIX I. FEDERAL AGENCY VIEWS ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

APPENDIX II. EXAMPLES OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS SUPPORTING NEXTGEN

Chapter 9 AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS

REDUCING EMISSIONS: NON-REGULATORY FACTORS

Fuel Cost

Air Traffic Control

REGULATING AIRCRAFT UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT

PROPOSED CAP-AND-TRADE LEGISLATION

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

European Union

ICAO

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER SOURCES

INDEX

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher.

ISBN:

1-61324-457-6

OCLC:

738476097