OLED microdisplays : technology and applications / edited by François Templier.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Templier, François, editor.

Series:

Electronics engineering series (London, England)

Electronics Engineering Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Microdisplays.

Electroluminescent devices--Materials.

Electroluminescent devices.

Light emitting diodes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (248 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London, [England] ; Hoboken, New Jersey : ISTE : Wiley, 2014.

Summary:

Microdisplays are displays requiring optical magnification and OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) are self-emitting displays where each pixel includes a LED made of organic material, in general composed of small-molecule organic material. This title reviews in detail how OLED microdisplays are made as well as how they are used. All aspects from theory to application will be addressed: basic principles, display design, display fabrication, operation and performances, present and future applications.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1: OLED: Theory and Principles

1.1. Organic light-emitting device: a brief history

1.2. Principles of OLED operation

1.3. Organic semiconductor material categories

1.3.1. Small molecules

1.3.2. Polymers

1.3.3. Deposition technique description

1.4. Organic semiconductors: theory

1.4.1. Band theory in organic chemistry

1.4.2. Differences from classical semiconductors

1.4.3. Electronic transport model in amorphous organic solids

1.5. OLEDs electrical characteristics

1.6. OLED: different structure types

1.6.1. Direct and inverted diodes

1.6.2. Through substrate emitting diode and top surface emitting diode

1.6.3. Heterojunction diode and band engineering

1.6.4. Electrical doping

1.6.5. Light extraction

1.6.6. OLED efficiency

1.7. OLED stability and lifetime: encapsulation issue

1.8. Specificities of OLED for microdisplays

1.9. Bibliography

Chapter 2: Overview of OLED Displays

2.1. Passive-matrix OLED displays

2.1.1. Main characteristics

2.1.2. Applications

2.1.3. Market and actors

2.1.4. Limitations/future of PMOLED

2.2. Active-matrix AMOLED displays

2.2.1. Main characteristics

2.2.2. Applications: small and medium-size AMOLED

2.2.3. Applications: large-size OLED displays

2.2.3.1. Monitors

2.2.3.2. Television

2.3. Trends in OLED displays: flexible and transparent

2.3.1. Flexible and transparent PMOLED displays

2.3.2. Flexible AMOLED displays

2.4. OLED lighting

2.5. Microdisplays

2.6. Bibliography

Chapter 3: OLED Characterization

3.1. Electronic properties of organic semiconductors

3.1.1. HOMO and LUMO level determination

3.1.1.1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy

3.1.1.2. Cyclic voltammetry.

3.1.1.3. Kelvin probe microscopy

3.1.2. Mobility measurement

3.1.2.1. Space charge limited current: dark injection SCLC and trap free

3.1.2.2. Time of flight

3.1.2.3. Carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage and photo-CELIV

3.1.2.4. Field effect transistor

3.2. Optical properties of organic semiconductors

3.2.1. Spectrometry

3.2.2. Photoluminescence

3.2.2.1. Basic photoluminescence

3.2.2.2. Photoluminescence quantum yield measurement

3.3. Device characterization

3.3.1. Electrical characterization

3.3.1.1. IV characterization (in the dark)

3.3.1.2. IV characterization under illumination

3.3.1.3. CV and impedance spectroscopy

3.3.2. Radiometry versus photometry and colorimetry

3.3.2.1. Optical flux units: radiometry versus photometry

3.3.2.2. Colorimetry and color coordinates

3.3.2.3. Color temperature

3.3.3. Electro-optical characterization

3.3.3.1. LV characterization

3.3.3.2. Electroluminescence spectra

3.3.3.3. Pulsed electroluminescence

3.3.3.4. Efficiency

3.3.4. Ageing

3.3.4.1. Lifetime measurement

3.3.4.1. Temperature or humidity accelerated ageing

3.4. OLED microdisplay characterization

3.4.1. OLED microdisplay specific measurements

3.4.1.1. Resolution

3.4.1.2. Luminance

3.4.1.3. Color gamut

3.4.1.4. Contrast

3.4.1.5. Uniformity

3.4.1.6. Display lifetime

3.5. Bibliography

Chapter 4: 5-Tools and Methods for Electro-Optic Simulation

4.1. Electro-optic simulation presentation

4.1.1. Objectives

4.1.2. Potential gains

4.1.3. Available software solutions

4.2. Optical simulation

Solver operation

Inputs

Getting the inputs

4.2.1. Bottom-emission OLEDs

4.2.2. Top-emission OLEDs

4.2.2.1. Microcavity: existence, impact

4.2.2.2. Dual emitter white-OLED example.

4.2.2.3. Alternative structures for white OLEDs

4.2.2.4. Radiation pattern and spectral narrowing

4.3. Electrical simulation

4.3.1. Potential gain

4.3.2. Simulation types

4.3.3. Full OLED stack simulation: example and analysis

4.3.4. Analysis example

4.4. Microdisplay simulation limitations

4.4.1. Electrical/optical crosstalk simulation

4.4.2. Combined electro-optical outputs

4.4.3. Limitations of accuracy for microdisplays

4.5. Bibliography

Chapter 5: Addressing OLED Microdisplays

5.1. Passive matrix OLED display

5.2. Active matrix OLED displays

5.2.1. General considerations for active matrix addressing

5.2.2. Two-TFT (2-TFT) pixel circuit

5.2.3. Threshold compensation method

5.2.3.1. Voltage mode data programming scheme

5.2.3.2. Current mode data programming scheme

5.2.4. AMOLED pixel circuit and image writing

5.2.4.1. Pixel circuit

5.2.4.2. Image writing

5.2.4.3. Driving waveforms

5.3. Addressing OLED microdisplays

5.3.1. Main specificities

5.3.2. Pixel electrode circuits and driving operation

5.3.3. Innovative pixel circuit on silicon backplane

5.4. Bibliography

Chapter 6: OLED Microdisplay Fabrication

6.1. Fabrication of CMOS active matrix

6.1.1. General considerations

6.1.2. Specificities of the circuit

6.1.3. Choice of metal electrodes

6.1.4. Pixel pitch and fill factor

6.1.5. Choice of baseline CMOS circuit

6.2. OLED process on CMOS circuit

6.2.1. Cluster tool and process

6.2.1.1. Concept/architecture

6.2.1.2. Deposition chamber

6.2.2. Evaporation sources

6.2.2.1. Crucibles and effusion cells

6.2.2.2. Ultimate vacuum

6.2.3. Load-lock chamber

6.2.4. Plasma treatment

6.2.5. Deposition process

Thermal cycle

6.2.6. Thickness, uniformity control and spitting

6.2.7. Shadow mask

6.2.8. Buffer chamber.

6.3. Encapsulation process

6.3.1. Encapsulation tools for production

6.3.2. Encapsulation tools for pilot line/ R&amp

D

6.4. Color: different approaches and associated processes

6.4.1. Color management

6.4.2. Color filter assembly

6.4.2.1. Color filters on glass

6.4.2.2. Wafer scale process

6.4.2.3. Pick-and-place process

6.4.3. Color filters on OLED

6.5. Packaging

Glass capping

6.6. Display testing and performances

6.7. Electronics

6.7.1. Data and configuration interface

6.7.2. Packaging and mounting of microdisplays

6.7.2.1. Chip-on-board (COB)

6.7.2.2. Chip-on-flex (COF)

6.7.2.3. Chip-on-socket (COS)

6.8. Process and performance evolutions

6.9. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Applications of OLED Microdisplays

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Head-mounted displays and informative glasses for consumer and professional applications

7.2.1. General requirements for HMD for consumer and professional markets

7.2.1.1. Specific requirements for HMD for the consumer market

7.2.1.2. Specific requirements for HMD for the professional market

7.2.2. Optical system architecture for near-to-eye display

7.2.2.1. Basic principle of near-to-eye optical systems

7.2.2.1.1. Brightness considerations

7.2.2.1.2. OLED advantage for collimator design and image quality

7.2.2.1.3. Power consumption

7.2.2.1.4. Brightness efficiency

7.2.2.2. Obstructive non-see-through optical systems

7.2.2.3. See-through optical systems

7.2.2.3.1. Overview of existing technologies

7.2.2.3.2. Curved-mirror based see-through near-to-eye system

7.2.2.3.3. Light-guide based see-through near-to-eye systems

7.2.2.3.3.1. Diffractive waveguide

7.2.2.3.3.2. Holographic waveguide

7.2.2.3.3.3. Polarized waveguide

7.2.2.3.3.4. Reflective waveguide

7.2.2.3.3.5. Single-reflector waveguide method.

7.2.2.3.3.6. Surface array reflector waveguide method

7.2.2.4. Conclusions about near-to-eye optical system

7.2.3. Evolution and challenges for near-to-eye wearable display systems

7.3. Electronic viewfinder embedded into a camera/camcorder

7.3.1. Introduction and general requirements

7.3.2. Optics

7.3.3. Evolution of view finders

7.4. Other display systems with OLED microdisplays

7.4.1. The OLED microdisplay for pico-projectors

7.4.2. Bi-directionnal OLED microdisplay for see-through system

7.4.2.1. The OLED microdisplay with image sensor

7.4.2.2. HMD system with eye-tracking

7.4.2.3. Other systems with bi-directional OLED microdisplays

7.5. Bibliography

Chapter 8: OLED Microdisplays Present and Future

8.1. Present actors of OLED microdisplays

8.2. Evolution and future developments for OLED microdisplays

8.2.1. Introduction

8.2.2. Luminance and lifetime

8.2.2.1. Enhancement of stack power efficiency

8.2.2.2. Phosphorescent blue dopant

8.2.2.3. Highly transparent top electrodes

8.2.2.4. Tandem

8.2.3. Voltage delta figure of merit

8.2.4. Color coverage

8.2.4.1. Adjusted microcavities

8.2.4.2. Color stability

8.2.4.2.1. Color stability versus voltage

8.2.4.2.2. Color stability over lifetime

8.2.5. Pixel pitch size

8.2.6. Cost

8.3. Disruptive emissive microdisplays

8.3.1. Transparent OLED microdisplays

8.3.2. Other emissive microdisplays: high-brightness GaN-based LED arrays

8.3.2.1. Historical background

8.3.2.2. Application to displays

8.3.2.3. Challenges for GaN-based displays

8.4. Bibliography

Conclusion

List of Authors

Index.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index at the end of each chapters.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119015062

1119015065

9781119004745

1119004748

9781119015055

1119015057

OCLC:

890360157