Helium : characteristics, compounds, and applications / Lucas A. Becker, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Becker, Lucas A.

Series:

Chemistry research and applications series.

Physics research and technology.

Chemistry research and applications

Physics research and technology

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Helium.

Helium--Electric properties.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (251 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2011.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Presents research data in the study of helium, including helium in the terrestrial upper atmosphere; an experimental and analytical investigation of helium in metals diffusion; the release of mantle helium and its tectonic implications; and, the study of helium behavior in nuclear fuel materials.

Contents:

Intro

HELIUM: CHARACTERISTICS, COMPOUNDS, AND APPLICATIONS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

HELIUM IN THE TERRESTRIAL UPPER ATMOSPHERE: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ITS EMISSION IN THE INFRARED SPECTRAL REGION

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE MAIN MECHANISM OF EXCITATION OF METASTABLE ORTHOHELIUM ATOMS

3. PROCESSES OF EXCITATION AND DEACTIVATION OF THE METASTABLE HELIUM ATOMS

4. THE ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE METASTABLE ORTHOHELIUM ATOMS

5. PROCESSES OF EXCITATION OF THE PARAHELIUM ATOMS

6. DEPENDENCE OF THE SOLAR UV ATTENUATION DEGREE ON THE SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE χ

7. METHOD OF THE INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS

8. THE RESULTS OF THE INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS

1. Nighttime Variations

2. Variations with the Moon Phase Age Period

3. Seasonal Variations

4. Dependence on Solar Activity

5. Dependence on Geomagnetic Disturbance

9. INTERFEROMETRIC STUDIES OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THERMOSPHERE

10. EXPERIMENTAL INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE

11. ABOUT RELATION BETWEEN DOPPLER AND KINETIC TEMPERATURES OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE

12. VARIATIONS OF THE HELIUM EMISSION INTENISY AS A FUNCTION OF THE SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE FOR VARIOUS THERMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

HELIUM IN METALS-DIFFUSION AND EQUATION OF STATE

1. HELIUM DIFFUSION AND BUBBLES FORMATION IN ALUMINUM

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Alloy Preparation

1.3. Experimental Results

1.3.1. In situ observation of bubble formation and growth

1.3.2. Bubble formation in bulk aluminum

1.3.3. Number of helium atoms in a bubble

1.4. Theoretical Estimation of Helium Bubble Formation by Diffusion in Aluminum: Bulk Heating and Hot Stage Heating

1.4.1. Bubble formation during bulk heating.

1.4.2. Bubble formation during heating in the hot stage TEM holder

1.4.5. Conclusions

2. PREFERRED HELIUM MIGRATION DIRECTION IN ALUMINUM

2.1. Experimental Results

2.2. Analysis and Discussion

2.3. Conclusions

3. EQUATION OF STATE FOR ALUMINUM CONTAINING HELIUM BUBBLES

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Theoretical Model

3.2.1. Genera1 framework

3.2.2. Helium EOS

3.2.2.1. Carnahan-starling EOS

3.2.2.2. Trinkaus EOS

3.2.3. Hugoniot calculation

3.3. Results and Discussion

3.3.1. EOS

3.3.2. Hugoniot curves

3.4. Conclusions

RELEASE OF MANTLE HELIUM AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

2. RELEASE OF MANTLE HELIUM FROM THE MESOZOIC, CRYSTALLINE IIDE MOUNTAINS

3. RELEASE OF MANTLE HELIUM FROM THE SOURCE REGION OF THE 2000 WESTERN TOTTORI EARTHQUAKE

4. VARIATIONS IN 3HE/4HE RATIOS ALONG THE ISTL AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

4.1. Geological Background

4.2. Analytical Procedures

4.3. Chemical and Isotopic Composition

4.4. Geographic Distribution of 3He/4He Ratios and Their Relationship to Tectonics

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ELASTIC AND INELASTIC PROCESSES WITH SPIN-POLARIZED METASTABLE HELIUM ATOMS IN GAS DISCHARGE

INTRODUCTION

THE THEORY OF SPIN EXCHANGE

FREQUENCY SHIFTS DUE TO SPIN EXCHANGE WITH CHEMI-IONIZATION

KINETICS OF OPTICAL ORIENTATION OF METASTABLE (23S1) HELIUM ATOMS

a. Interaction between Particles with Electron Spins S=1/2 and S=1

B. Interactios between Particles with Electron Spins S=1 and S=1

EXPERIMENT

A. Magnetic Resonance in a System of Optically Polarized Metastable Helium Atoms and Atoms with Electron Spin S=1/2 in Ground State

B. Magnetic Resonance in a System of Optically Polarized Particles with Electron Spins S=1 [(He(23s1) - O2(3 Σ-G)]

INTERACTION POTENTIALS.

CALCULATIONS OF THE SPIN EXCHANGE AND CHEMIIONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS

EFFECT OF HE PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE REACTIVITY OF POROUS METHYL-DOPED SILICON DIOXIDE LAYERS

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. EXPERIMENTAL

3.1. Preliminary treatment

3.2. Etching

3.3. Methods

3.4. Materials

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Molecular structure

4.2. Modeling

4.3. Comparison of modeling results with experiment and model verification.

LIGHTER THAN AIR VEHICLES: AUTONOMOUS AIRSHIPS FOR BRIDGE MONITORING

2. BRIDGE MONITORING FLIGHT SIMULATOR

3. MODELING

3.1. Kinematic Modeling

3.2. Mass Characteristics

3.3. Six Degrees of Freedom Modeling

3.3.1. Rigid body mechanics

3.3.2. Gravity and lift forces and moments

3.3.3. Propulsive forces

3.3.4. Aerodynamic forces and moments

a - Stationary coefficients

b - Nonstationary coefficients

3.4. Three Degrees of Freedom Dynamic Modeling

4. TRIM TRAJECTORIES

4.1. Trim Conditions Determination Algorithm

Performance index

Constraints

Under-actuation constraints

Flight envelope constraints

Trajectory geometry

Constraints dues to the actuators limitations

4.2 Trajectory Planner

A. Problem formulation

B. Extremal curves

Extremal trajectoires

Algorithm description

Case of backward right turn

Case of a forward right turn

5. FLIGHT CONTROL METHODOLOGY

CONCLUSIONS

FIRST-PRINCIPLES STUDY OF HELIUM BEHAVIOR IN NUCLEAR FUEL MATERIALS

2. COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Trapping and Diffusion Behavior of a Single He Atom in the UO2 Lattice

3.2. Atomistic Modeling of He Nucleation

3.3. He Behavior in Other Actinide Dioxides

CONCLUSION.

REFERENCES

HELIUMTHERMODYNAMICS,ANALYTICALMODEL

Abstract

1.Introduction

2.DevelopmentoffluidEOSconceptandformulation

2.1.CubicEOS

2.2.VirialEOS

2.3.Helmholtzenergy(fundamental)EOS

3.MainFeaturesofthePresentedHeliumModel

4.IntermolecularPotentialEnergy

4.1.DoubleYukawapotential

5.FundamentalHelmholtzfreeenergyequation

5.1.Hardspherefreeenergy

5.2.Attractionfreeenergy

5.3.Quantumfreeenergy

6.Thethermodynamicproperties

6.1.Analyticalcompressibilityfactors

6.2.AnalyticalexplicitpressureEOS

7.Heliumattemperaturebelow40K

8.Conclusion

9.Acknowledgments

References

COMBININGHELIUMWITHANTIMATTER:ANTIPROTONICHELIUMANDITSAPPLICATIONS

2.HistoricalPerspective

2.1.EarlyObservations

2.2.MetastabilityRediscovered

2.3.DiscoveryofAntiprotonicHelium

2.4.MoreRecentResults

3.DelayedAnnihilationTimeSpectra

3.1.ExperimentalMethod

3.2.Results

4.PropertiesofAntiprotonicHelium

4.1.AntiprotonicHeliumFormation:EnergyLevels

4.2.AntiprotonicHeliumEvolution:DecayProcessesandRates

4.3.MolecularApproach

5.OtherImportantEffects

5.1.IsotopeEffect

5.2.QuenchingbyContaminants

6.LaserSpectroscopy

6.1.ExperimentalMethod

6.2.ImprovementsandFurtherTransitionsDiscovered

6.3.FavouredandUnfavouredTransitions

6.4.DoubleResonanceMethod

6.5.PressureShiftandBroadening

6.6.HAIRTransitions

7.CalculationsofTransitionFrequencies

7.1.FirstCalculations

7.2.CurrentSituation

8.FurtherExperimentalImprovements

8.1.NewAntiprotonFacility

8.2.RadioFrequencyQuadrupoleDecelerator

8.3.FrequencyComb

8.4.TwoPhotonSpectroscopy

8.5.FineandHyperfineStructure

9.ComparisonbetweenDataandCalculations:AntiprotonMassandCPTTest

10.Conclusions

Acknowledgments

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61761-373-8

OCLC:

836848736