Dermal absorption / first draft prepared by Janet Kielhorn, Stephanie Melching-Kollmuss, and Inge Mangelsdorf.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kielhorn, J.

Contributor:

Melching-Kollmuss, Stephanie.

Mangelsdorf, I.

World Health Organization.

International Labour Organisation.

Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals.

International Program on Chemical Safety.

Series:

Environmental health criteria ; 235.

Environmental health criteria, 0250-863X ; 235

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Skin absorption.

Hazardous substances--Risk assessment.

Hazardous substances.

Physical Description:

xix, 197 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Geneva : World Health Organization, 2006.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This new volume in the Environmental Health Criteria Series presents an overview of dermal absorption and its consideration in the risk assessment of chemicals. It describes the methods available to assess dermal absorption, the significance of skin as a route of exposure and the interpretation of results of dermal absorption studies for risk assessment. In addition, it presents and discusses current topics of interest in the field of dermal absorption. This book will be useful to biology and toxicology scientists and researchers, as well as to regulatory authorities and the chemical industry.

Contents:

Intro

CONTENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION

PREAMBLE

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1. SUMMARY

2. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

2.1 Scope of the document

2.2 Definition of dermal absorption

2.3 Factors influencing dermal absorption

3. SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

3.1 Functions of the skin

3.2 Skin structure

3.3 The transport of chemicals through the skin

3.4 Variability in skin permeability

3.5 Reservoir effects

4. SKIN TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

4.1 Transport through the skin

4.2 Theoretical aspects of diffusion

4.3 Physicochemical factors affecting skin permeation

4.4 Concepts of finite and infinite dose

5. METABOLISM IN THE SKIN

5.1 The drug-metabolizing systems of the skin

5.2 Methodology for evaluating skin metabolism in in vitro systems

5.3 Effects of skin metabolism

5.4 Importance of metabolism for percutaneous absorption

6. IN VITRO TESTS FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION

6.1 Test guidelines

6.2 Principles of the standard in vitro tests using skin samples

6.3 Other in vitro methods

6.4 Examination of skin reservoir characteristics

6.5 Experimental factors affecting dermal absorption in vitro

7. IN VIVO TESTS FOR DERMAL ABSORPTION

7.1 Laboratory animal studies

7.2 Studies with human volunteers

7.3 Other methods

7.4 Factors affecting dermal absorption in vivo

8. COMPARATIVE STUDIES

8.1 Comparison between in vitro and in vivo skin absorption results

8.2 Inter-and intralaboratory variation in in vitro percutaneous absorption methodology

9. DATA COLLECTIONS

9.1 Data sets from homologous or closely related molecules

9.2 Flynn data set

9.3 Expanded permeability coefficient data sets

9.4 EDETOX database

9.5 Maximum flux databases

10. ESTIMATION/PREDICTION OF DERMAL PENETRATION.

10.1 QSAR analysis

10.2 Mathematicak modelling

10.3 Mathematical pharmacokinetic models of percutaneous penetration

11. USE OF DERMAL PENETRATION STUDIES IN RISK ASSESSMENT

11.1 Decision-making process for setting dermal absorption values

11.2 Use of relative absorption values versus flux (and their derived permeability coefficients)

11.3 Other topics related to risk assessment

12. CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF DERMAL ABSORPTION

12.1 QSARs/QSPeRs

12.2 Reduction of intralaboratory/interlaboratory variation

12.3 Consequences of reservoir effect for risk assessment

12.4 Relevance for percutaneous measurements to data required by risk assessors: finite and infinite exposures

12.5 Single-versus multiple-exposure regimes

12.6 Barrier integrity test for skin barries function of human skin in skin penetration tests

12.7 Dermal absorption in susceptible populations

12.8 Skin notation

12.9 Dermal absoprtion of nanoparticles

13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1: GUIDELINES AND PROTOCOLS

APPENDIX 2: PAST AND PRESENT INITIATIVES ON EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND HARMONIZATION OF METHODOLOGY ON DERMAL ABSORPTION

RESUME

RESUMEN.

Notes:

"Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals."

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

1-281-30752-1

9786611307523

92-4-068230-9

OCLC:

476082558