Glycerol : production, structure and applications / Miguel de Santos Silva and Paulo Costa Ferreira, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Silva, Miguel de Santos.

Ferreira, Paulo Costa.

Series:

Chemical engineering methods and technology.

Biochemistry research trends series.

Chemical engineering methods and technology

Biochemistry research trends

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Glycerin.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (319 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2012.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the production, structure and applications of glycerol. Topics discussed include the use of glycerol from biodiesel to production of environmental technologies; thermochemical conversion of glycerol to hydrogen; the application of glycerol in pharmaceutical formulation; valorization of glycerol in propanediols production by catalytic processes; hydrogen production from glycerol via membrane reactor technology; ruthenium-catalyzed nitrile hydration reactions using glycerol as solvent; and natural activation of commercial glycerol.

Contents:

Intro

GLYCEROL: PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND APPLICATIONS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1: THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL TO HYDROGEN

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THERMODYNAMICS OF CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL TO HYDROGEN

GLYCEROL CONVERSION REACTION PATHWAY

STEAM REFORMING (SR)

Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis

Experimental Work

SORPTION ENHANCED STEAM REFORMING (SESR)

Autothermal Reforming (ATR)

AQUEOUS PHASE REFORMING (APR)

SUPERCRITICAL WATER GASIFICATION (SCWG)

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: VALORIZATION OF GLYCEROL IN PROPANEDIOLS PRODUCTION BY CATALYTIC PROCESSES

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS

3. ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS

4. HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS

4.1. Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol

4.1.1. Monometallic Catalysts

4.1.2. Metal Catalysts Modified by Brønsted Acids or Bases

4.1.3. Bimetallic Catalysts

4.1.4. Hydrogenolysis in Absence of Hydrogen

4.2. Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol

5. INSIGHT THE REACTION MECHANISM OF GLYCEROL HYDROGENOLYSIS

5.1. Critical Approach to the Hydrogenolysis Mechanism of Glycerol

A. Basic and Surface Chemistry Concepts Relative to Alcohols and Polyols Reactions

B. Thermodynamic Variations Involved in Glycerol Hydrogenolysis Reaction

5.2. The Hydrogenolysis Mechanism of Glycerol: General Consideration

5.2.1. The Mechanism to 1,2-Propanediol

5.2.2. The Mechanism to 1,3-Propanediol

REFERENCES.

Chapter 3: AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

2. AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING

2.1. Catalysts for Aqueous-Phase Reforming

2.2. Reaction Mechanism

3. EXPERIMENTAL

3.1. Synthesis of the Catalysts

3.1.1. Combustion Method

3.1.2. Coprecipitation Method

3.1.3. Wet Impregnation Method

3.1.4. Dry Impregnation Method

3.2. Characterization of Catalysts

3.3. Catalytic Tests

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Chemical Composition

4.2. Textural Analysis

4.3. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

4.4. Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy (DRS)

4.5. Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR)

4.6. Catalytic Tests

4.6.1. Influence of Agitation Speed

4.6.2. Influence of the Catalyst Loading

4.6.3. Evaluation of the Catalysts with 1% Glycerol Solution

4.6.4. Evaluation of the Catalysts with 10% Glycerol Solution

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 4: THE PAUPER AND THE PRINCE: GLYCEROL IN A VIEW FROM BIOFUELS AND BIOREFINERIES

2. CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO VALORIZE GLYCEROL

2.1. Dehydration and Oxyhydration Reactions

2.2. Selective Reduction Reactions

2.3. Selective Oxidation Reactions

2.4. Reforming Reactions

2.5. Miscelaneous Reactions: Chlorination, Etherification, Esterification,Nitration, and Polymerization

3. BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO VALORIZE GLYCEROL

3.1. The Meeting History between Glycerol and Microorganisms

3.2. Glycerol as Carbon and Energy Microbial Source. The FirstStep to Production

3.3. Relevant Products from Glycerol Bioconversion

3.3.1. Bioconversion of Glycerol to Dihydroxyacetone

3.3.2. Bioproduction of 1,3-Propanediol From Glycerol

3.3.3. Bioconversion of Glycerol to Commercially Valuable Organic Acids

3.3.4. Other Valuable Bioconversions of Glycerol

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: GLYCEROL AS A SUBSTRATE FOR BIOPROCESSES IN DIFFERENT O2 AVAILABILITY CONDITIONS

1. AEROBIC VERSUS ANAEROBIC METABOLISM OF GLYCEROL

2. SYNTHESIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM GLYCEROL

a. Products of Aerobic Metabolism

i. Biomass, Enzymes and Recombinant Proteins

ii. Amino Acids

iii. Antibiotics

iv. Polyhydroxyalkanoates

v. Other Products of Aerobic Metabolism

b. Products of Anaerobic Metabolism

i. 1,3-Propanediol

ii. Succinate

iii. Ethanol

iv. Hydrogen

3. EFFECTS OF AERATION IN PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION

4. METABOLIC MANIPULATIONS TO ENHANCE SYNTHESIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM GLYCEROL

a. Mutations in Competing Pathways

i. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of Ethanol from Glycerol in E. coli

ii. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of Succinate From Glycerol in E. coli

iii. Mutations in Competing Pathways for the Synthesis of PHB from Glycerol in E. coli

b. Mutations in Redox Regulators

Chapter 6: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM GLYCEROL VIA MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGY

ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGY

2. PD-BASED MEMBRANES

2.1. Membrane Classification

2.2. Short Overview on Supported and Self-Supported Pd-Membranes

3. MEMBRANE REACTORS

3.1. Palladium-Based Membrane Reactors

3.2. The Critical Issues of Palladium-Based MRs

4. A SHORT OVERVIEW ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION THROUGH PALLADIUM-BASED MRS

5. GLYCEROL AS A BIO-FEEDSTOCK

5.1. Glycerol Steam Reforming Reaction to Produce Hydrogen

Chapter 7: USE OF THE GLYCEROL FROM BIODIESEL TO PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

1.1. Biodiesel Production

1.2. New Uses for Glycerol.

2. POLYGLYCEROL APPLIED IN THE MINING INDUSTRY

Effect of Catalyst and its Concentration

Variation in Concentration of H2SO4

Variation in the Concentration of H3PO4

Tests of Dust Suppression

Variation in the Substrate

3. OIL ABSORBENT

Chapter 8: DIFFUSION IN GLYCEROL-WATER BINARY AND GLYCEROL-WATER-SODIUM CHLORIDE TERNARY SOLUTIONS AND THE VIEWPOINT OF HYDROGEN BONDS

2. METHODS

2.1. Simulation Details

2.2. Diffusion Coefficients

2.3. Hydrogen Bonds Definition

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Density Profiles

3.2. Water Self-Diffusion Coefficients

3.3. Glycerol Self-Diffusion Coefficients

3.4. Insights from Hydrogen Bonds

(1) Water Molecules

(2) Glycerol Molecules

3.5. Parameters Affecting Diffusion Coefficient Calculation

Force Field

Cutoff, Damping Coefficient and Periodic Boundary Conditions

Curve Fitting Parameters

Temperature Fluctuations

Chapter 9: CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO BIO-FUEL ADDITIVES OVER HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS

2. ESTERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL WITH ACETIC ACID

Zeolites

Heteropolyacids

Sulfonic Group

Others Catalysts

3. ETHERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL

4. ACETALISATION OF GLYCEROL

Chapter 10: IS GLYCEROL A SUSTAINABLEREACTION MEDIUM?

2. WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE REACTION MEDIUM?

3. GLYCEROL PRODUCTION

4. GLYCEROL GREENNESS

5. GLYCEROL AS REACTION MEDIUM

6. GLYCEROL AND TRANSFER PHENOMENA

7. GLYCEROL AND REACTION WORK-UP

Chapter 11: RUTHENIUM-CATALYZED NITRILE HYDRATION REACTIONS USING GLYCEROL AS SOLVENT

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General Comments

General Procedure for the Catalytic Hydration Reactions

Catalyst Recycling

Chapter 12: CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO PRODUCTS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

GLYCEROL PRODUCTION

MAIN PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM THE GLYCEROL

OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL

REDUCTION OF GLYCEROL

SELECTIVE DEHYDROXYLATION OF GLYCEROL

DEHYDRATION OF GLYCEROL

HALOGENATION OF GLYCEROL

ETHERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL

ESTERIFICATION OF GLYCEROL

TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED IN BRAZIL

OBTAININ GHYDROGEN FROM GLYCEROL

GASIFICATION OF GLYCEROL

PRODUCTION OF POLYMERS FROM GLYCEROL

DUST SUPRESSOR

HIDROFILIC ADSORBENT

Chapter 13: NATURAL ACTIVATION OF COMMERCIAL GLYCEROL

2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.1. Photoactivation of Glycerol and Formation of Hydroperoxide

2.2. Polymer Structure and Molecular Weight

2.3. Spontaneous Polymerization of Acrylamide at Low Temperatures

Chapter 14: THE APPLICATIONS OF GLYCEROL IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

THE APPLICATIONS OF GLYCEROL IN VARIOUS FORMULATIONS

Topical Formulations

Oral Formulations

Injectable Formulations

Suppositories

Protein Delivery Systems

THE SAFETY ISSUES AND REGULATORY STATUS OF GLYCEROL

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-62081-130-8

OCLC:

831625465