Algebraic chemistry : applications and origins / Cynthia Kolb Whitney.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Whitney, Cynthia Kolb, 1941-

Series:

Chemical engineering methods and technology

Mathematics research developments

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Molecular dynamics--Mathematics.

Molecular dynamics.

Ionization constants--Measurement.

Ionization constants.

Quantum chemistry.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (386 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Publishers, c2013.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Algebraic chemistry is based on numerical patterns observed in readily available data about ionization potentials of atoms, and on a physical model that interpolates and extrapolates from that data to situations for which data is not readily available, such as ionization potentials for atoms that are already ionized, or corresponding energy increments involved in adding, rather than subtracting, electrons. This Book presents an approach to chemistry that permits numerical evaluation of many chemical scenarios without use of much computation power. Everything here can be worked out with a hand calculator. The approach thus makes numerical analysis of scenarios in chemistry feasible for students, or up-coming researchers, or retirees, who work with minimal financial support.

Contents:

Intro

ALGEBRAIC CHEMISTRY

CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

1. THE BACKGROUND

2. THIS BOOK

2.1. About Part I

2.2. About Part II

2.3. About Part III

2.4. About So Much More

3. THE CHARACTERS

PART I. CHEMISTRY AS NUMERICAL REGULARITIES

PROLOG TO PART I

ABOUT PATTERNS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: THE PERIODIC TABLE, MENDELEYEV STYLE

IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS

ABSTRACT

1. OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ALL ORDERS

2. DETAILS ON BEHAVIOR OF FIRST-ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

APPENDIX: BASIC DATA ON FIRST-ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS

IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF IONS

1. MODEL DEVELOPMENT

2. SYMBOLIC FORMULAE

AN INVITATION TO READERS

APPENDIX: FORMULAE AND EVALUATIONS FOR SEQUENTIAL IONIZATIONS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

1. Hydrogen

2. Helium

3. Lithium

4. Beryllium

5. Boron

6. Carbon

7. Nitrogen

8. Oxygen

9. Fluorine

10. Neon

11. Sodium

12. Magnesium

13. Aluminum

14. Silicon

15. Phosphorus

16. Sulfur

17. Chlorine

18. Argon

19. Potassium

21. Scandium

24. Chromium

26. Iron

27. Cobalt

29. Copper

30. Zinc

31. Gallium

32. Germanium

33. Arsenic

35. Bromine

36. Krypton

37. Rubidium

39. Yttrium

45. Rhodium

46. Palladium

47. Silver

48. Cadmium

49. Indium

50. Tin

51. Antimony

54. Xenon

55. Cesium

57. Lanthanum

74. Tungsten

78. Platinum

79. Gold

80. Mercury

81. Thallium

82. Lead

83. Bismuth

84. Polonium

86. Radon

87. Francium

89. Actinium

IONS AND STATES OF MATTER

1. STATE CHANGE TEMPER ATURES AND FIRST ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS

2. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOME ELEMENT PAIRS.

2.1. Hydrogen and Helium

2.2. Lithium and Beryllium

2.3. Nitrogen and Oxygen

3. STATES OF MATTER AND STATES OF IONIZATION

3.1. Melting Points

3.2. Boiling Points

3.3. Phase Diagrams

4. HOW TEMPARATURE DRIVES POPULATIONS OF IONIZATION STATES

4.1. Boltzmann Factors

4.2. The Planck Black-Body Spectrum

4.3. A Mechanism for Driving Macroscopic State Changes

A RESPITE FOR READERS

SINGULAR ELEMENTS

1. KEYSTONE ELEMENTS

2. NOBLE GASSES

2.1. Helium

2.2. Neon

3. HALOGENS

3.1. Bromine

4. METALS

4.1. Mercury

4.2. Gallium

A PROJECT FOR READERS

REFERENCE

TYPICAL MOLECULES

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

2. DIATOMIC MOLECULES

3. TRIATOMIC MOLECULES

4. HYDROCARBONS

4.1. Methane CH4

4.2. Ethane C2H6

4.3. Propane C3H8

4.4. Butane C4H10

4.5. Pentane C5H12

4.6. Hexane C6H14

4.7. Septane, Octane, and Beyond

4.8. A Brief Revisit to Hydrocarbons and States of Matter

IMPORTANT REACTIONS

1. HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION

2. HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION IN STEPS

2.1. Steps in Methane Combustion

2.2. Energies from Steps in Methane Combustion

2.3. Focus on the First Step of Methane Combustion

3. FIRST STEP OF COMBUSTION FOR OTHER HYDROCARBONS

3.1. Hexane Combustion, First Step 2

3.2. Septane Combustion, First Step H

3.3. Octane Combustion, First Step

3.4. Real Combustion, First Step

4. FIRST STEP OF COMBUSTION FOR A FUEL MIX

5. THE NECESSARY POST SCRIPT TO HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION

5.1. Rhodium

5.2. Palladium

5.3. Platinium

CATALYSIS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. THE EXAMPLE REACTION.

1.1. The Full Reaction

1.2. The Textbook Catalyzed Reaction Steps

1.3. Why the Textbook Story Didn't Work

2. A NEW ATTACK ON THE PROBLEM

2.1. The First Catalyzed Reaction Step

2.2. The Second Catalyzed Reaction Step

2.3. Define More Reaction Steps?

3. QUESTIONING THE ASSUMED REACTION

4. NATURAL CATALYSIS

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY IN POWER GENERATION

1. THE ORIGINS OF CONTROVERSY

1.1. Lack of Neutrons

1.2. Variability of Excess Heat

1.3. Lack of Credible Theory

2. THE NUMERICAL INFORMATION NEEDED

3. WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION

4. WHAT HAPPENS AT THE CATHODE

PART II. CHEMISTRY AS QUANTUM MECHANICS

PROLOG TO PART II

HYDROGEN AS THE PROTOTYPICAL ATOM

1. RADIATION FROM ACCELERATING CHARGES

2. TORQUING IN THE HYDROGEN ATOM

3. EVEN MORE RADIATION

4. BALANCE AT THE GROUND STATE

5. EXCITED STATES

GENERAL CHARGE PAIRS

1. HYDROGEN

2. POSITRONIUM

3. THE PROTON PAIR

4. THE ELECTRON PAIR

ELECTRON RINGS AND STRUCTURES THEREOF

1. COMFORTABLE ELEMENTS

1.1. A Ring of Three Electrons

1.2. Two Rings of Three Electrons

1.3. A Ring of Five Electrons

1.4. Two Rings of Five Electrons

1.5. A Ring of Seven Electrons

1.6. Two Rings of Seven Electrons

2. UNCOMFORTABLE ELEMENTS

3. PECULIAR ELEMENTS

APPENDIX

EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLANATIONS

1. LOG-LINEARITY OF IONIZATION POTENTIALS.

2. ON THE MEANING OF HIGHER-ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS

2.1. Observations

2.2. Explanations

3. ON THE MEANING OF FIRST-ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS

3.1. Full Periods

3.2. Sub-Period Levels

3.3. Sub-Period Slopes

4. ON THE UTILITY OF HIGHER-ORDER IONIZATION POTENTIALS IN CHEMISTRY

PART III. QUANTUM MECHANICS AS ELECTRODYNAMICS

PROLOG TO PART III

PHOTONS AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

1. APPROACH

2. E'S AND B'S FOR ONE OF THE TWO ORIENTATIONS

3. WAVEFORM EVOLUTION

4. WAVEFORM ENERGY DENSITIES

5. RELATIVE MOTION

6. IMPLICATIONS FOR FIELDS DELIVERED

7. IMPLICATIONS FOR RELATIVITY THEORY

[A] Theory of the Photon

The Concept of Convergence

ON THE INVARIANCE OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

1. EXTENDED TENSOR NOTATION, WITH MATRIX DEMONSTRATIONS

3. GALILEAN TRANSFORMATION OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS

1. SOME HISTORY TO RECALL

2. THE TASK TO ADDRESS

3. SPECIFIC TOOLS TO USE

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher.

ISBN:

1-62257-866-X

OCLC:

923668750