Ammonia : structure, biosynthesis and functions / Victoria A. Fekete and Réka L. Molnár, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Fekete, Victoria A.

Molnár, Réka L.

Series:

Chemical engineering methods and technology.

Biochemistry research trends series.

Chemical engineering methods and technology

Biochemistry research trends

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ammonia.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (149 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2012.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Ammonia is a natural and common nitrous agent affecting all vital processes in animal, plant and bacterial cells. In organisms, it is produced by about two hundred enzyme reactions, thus being an essential and harmless metabolite. At high concentrations, ammonia becomes a strong toxin. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the structure, biosynthesis and functions of ammonia. Topics include the biochemical studies on energy metabolism in animals in acute ammonia intoxication; development of distributed fiber optic sensors of ammonia gas; inhibition of rRNA synthesis by amines and ammonium ions in xenopus embryos; amino acids that play roles in plant adaptation to abiotic stress and the atmospheric concentration of NH3, NO2, HNO3 and SO2 by the passive method compared with corresponding emission inventory.

Contents:

Intro

AMMONIA

CONTENTS

PREFACE

ENERGY METABOLISM IN ACUTE AMMONIA INTOXICATION

ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. AMMONIA METABOLISM DISTURBANCE AND HYPERAMMONEMIA

III. AMMONIA TOXICITY

IV. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN ACUTE AMMONIA INTOXICATION: SEQUENCE OF METABOLIC EVENTS

V. BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM IN ACUTE AMMONIA INTOXICATION

VI. MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY METABOLISM

VI.1. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Oxidative Phosphorylation

VI.2. Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

VI.3. Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Mitochondrial Enzymes of Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

VI.4. Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Mitochondrial Metabolites of Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

VI.5. Effects of Ammonia on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential In Vivo

VI.6. Calcium Transport Across Rat Brain Mitochondrial Membrane

VI.6.1. Endogenous Calcium in Mitochondria

VI.6.2. Calcium Uptake by Mitochondria

VI.6.3. Mitochondrial Calcium Capacity and Calcium Efflux from Mitochondria

VI.6.4. t-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Calcium Efflux from Mitochondria

VI.6.5. Comparison of Ammonia Effects In Vivo and In Vitro on Calcium Fluxes in Mitochondria

VII. BRAIN LACTATE ACCUMULATION EX VIVO

VIII. RELATIONSHIP OF ACUTE HYPERAMMONEMIA AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

VIII.1. Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Production

VIII.2. Effects of Ammonia on Pro- and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities

VIII.3. A Summary of Ex Vivo Effects of Ammonia on Brain Mitochondria

IX. MARKERS OF NEURONAL APOPTOSIS

IX.1. Efflux of Cytochrome C into Cytoplasm

IX.2. Caspases in Mitochondria, Cytoplasm and Nuclei

IX.3. Apoptotic Alterations in Cell Nuclei

IX.3.1. DNA Fragmentation

IX.3.2. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Levels and Changes

IX.3.3. Nuclear NAD Levels.

IX.3.4. Nuclear NAD Synthetase and NAD Glycohydrolase Activities

IX.3.5. P53 Dynamics

X. BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE CYTOPLASM

X.1. Cytosolic Pro-Oxidant Enzymes

X.2. Role of Nitric Oxide in Changes of Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes

XI. ALTERATIONS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

XI.1. Brain ATPase in Acute Ammonia Intoxication

XI.2. Roles of NMDA Receptors in Acute Ammonia Toxicity

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC SENSOR OF AMMONIA GAS

II. MAIN APPLICATION AREAS OF AMMONIA SENSORS

II.1. Environmental Ammonia Sensors

II.2. Automotive Ammonia Sensors

II.3. Industrial Ammonia Sensors

II.4. Medical Ammonia Sensors

III. PRINCIPLES OF AMMONIA SENSORS

III.1. Metal Oxide Sensors

III.2. Catalytic Sensors

III.3. Conductive Polymer Sensors

III.4. Sensors with Nano-Sized Structures

III.5. Extrinsic Optical Sensors

III.6. Intrinsic Optical Sensors

III.7. Distributed Sensing Systems

IV. DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC SENSOR OF AMMONIA WITH OTDR READOUT

V. SIMULATED RESULTS AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

SPECIFIC INHIBITION BY AMINES AND AMMONIUM ION OF INITIATION AND ACTIVATION OF RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA) GENE EXPRESSION AT AND AFTER MIDBLASTULA TRANSITION (MBT) IN XENOPUS EMBRYOGENESIS

1. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF XENOPUS EMBRYOS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM

2. DISSOCIATED XENOPUS EMBRYONIC CELLS AS A NEW EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR STUDYING RRNA GENE EXPRESSION

3. A UNIQUE DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF RRNA GENE EXPRESSION BEFORE AND AFTER MIDBLASTULA STAGE, OR THE STAGE OF MBT

4. TIMING OF THE INITIATION OF MRNA CAP METHYLATION IS NOT THE BLASTULA STAGE BUT THE CLEAVAGE STAGE IN XENOPUS EMBRYOGENESIS.

5. ATTEMPTS TO FIND OUT A FACTOR THAT CONTROLS RRNA GENE EXPRESSION IN XENOPUS EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

6. WEAK BASES (AMMONIUM ION AND AMINES) SELECTIVELY INHIBIT RRNA GENE EXPRESSION IN XENOPUS NEURULA CELLS

7. WEAK BASES SUPPRESS BOTH INITIATION AND ACTIVATION OF RRNA GENE EXPRESSION WHICH STARTS AT AND AFTER MBT STAGE IN XENOPUS EMBRYOGENESIS

8. WEAK BASES INHIBIT RRNA GENE EXPRESSION AT THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL IN XENOPUS EMBRYONIC CELLS

9. CELL PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF THE INHIBITION OF RRNA GENE EXPRESSION BY WEAK BASES

10. AMMONIA AS A CANDIDATE FOR ONE OF THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF RRNA GENE EXPRESSION DURING XENOPUS EMBRYOGENESIS

CONCLUSION AND A WORKING HYPOTHESIS

PLANT ABIOTIC STRESS RESPONSES AND NUTRIENTS

INTRODUCTION

REGULATION OF PROLINE ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS

PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN PLANT STRESS RESPONSES

ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITRIC ACID AND SULFUR DIOXIDE BY MEMBRANE-TYPE PASSIVE METHOD AND THEIR EMISSION INVENTORY IN JAPAN

METHODS

1. Emission Inventory

2. Passive Method

RESULTS AND DICUSSION

1. Annual Emission Map

2. Monthly Emission Variation

3. Relation Atmospheric Gas Concentration with Its Emission Inventory

4. Monthly Variation of Gas Concentrations

CONCLUSIONS

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS AND FLUX CALCULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AMMONIA OVER GRASSLAND (BUGAC-PUSZTA, HUNGARY)

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MEASUREMENT SITE AND INSTRUMENTATION, DATASET AND QUALITY CONTROL

3. AMMONIA FLUX CALCULATION

4. RESULLTS AND DDISCUSSIOONS

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-62100-570-4

OCLC:

846959696