Varicose veins : symptoms, causes and treatments / Andrea L. Nelson, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Nelson, Andrea L.

Series:

Public health in the 21st century series.

Neuroanatomy research at the leading edge.

Public health in the 21st century

Neuroanatomy research at the leading edge

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Varicose veins.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (212 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2011.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Presents topical research in the study of the symptoms, causes and treatments of varicose veins. This book discusses topics that include segmental failure of the vaso-regulatory function of venous microcirculation causing varicose veins; the role of inflammation in varicose vein pathology; diagnostic airplethysmography; and, more.

Contents:

Intro

VARICOSE VEINS: SYMPTOMS, CAUSES AND TREATMENTS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

VARICOSE VEINS ARE CAUSED BY SEGMENTAL FAILURES OF THE VASOREGULATORY ROLE OF THE VENOUS MICROCIRCULATION, MEDIATED BY PLASMA NOREPINEPHRINE

ABSTRACT

SECTION 1.

Introduction

SECTION 2.

The Experimental Design

Turbulence

The A/V Module

Cardiac A/V Modules

Drainage of the A/V Module

A/V Shunts

The Structural and Functional Independence of Modules

The Regulatory Function of the Adrenergic Plexus and the Microcirculation

Evidence of the Dilator Effect of Microcirculatory NE In Vivo

Factors That Determine and Affect Venous Tone

The Role of the Vascular Microcirculation

The Renal Capsular Microcirculation

The Pharmacology of the Microcirculation

SECTION 3.

The Stenotic Constrictor Effect of Isoprenaline

THE VALVE AGGER

The Role of the Agger in Reflux

The Venodilator Potency of Microcirculatory NE

In Vivo Plasma NE Concentrations and Varicosities

Varicosities Caused by Orthograde Perfusion

Arterial Dilitation Caused by Microcirculatory NE

SECTION 4.

Validation

The Multiplication of Varicosities

Therapeutic Options

SECTION 5.

The Bipolar Nature of the NE Stimulus

The Roles of Neuronal and Plasma NE in Smooith Muscle Contraction

The Roles of NE in Smooth Muscle Contraction

Contraction in the Microcirculation

The Role of the General Microcirculation

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN THE VARICOSE VEIN PATHOLOGY: NEW INSIGHTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. INFLAMMATION AND CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE

2.1. Types and Distribution of Cells

2.1.1. Leukocytes

2.1.2. Endothelial Cells

2.1.3. Other Cells

2.2. Extracelular Matrix

2.3. Inflammatory Mediators.

2.3.1. Adhesion Molecules

2.3.2.MMPs

2.3.3. Cytokines

2.3.4. Growth Factors

2.3.5. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIF)

2.3.6. Oxidative Stress

2.3.7. Lipid Mediators

2.4. Mechanisms for Cell Activation and Inflammation

3. THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES TO CVD

3.1. Current Therapies

3.1.2. Compressive Therapy

3.1.3. Surgical And Interventional Treatment

3.2. Pharmacological Therapy

3.2.1. Venoactive Drugs

3.2.1.1. Flavonoids and its Derivatives

3.2.1.2. Other Natural Venoactive Drugs

3.2.2. Non-Venoactive Agents

3.2.2.1. Prostaglandin E1

3.2.2.2. Prostacyclin Analogues

3.2.2.3. Pentoxifylline

3.2.2.4.Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA)

3.2.2.5.Synthetic Peptide

3.2.3. Other Potential Pharmacological Agents

DECLARATION

ASCENDING EVOLUTION OF VARICOSE VEINS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT

INTRODUCTION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VARICOSE VEINS AND "RETROGRADE THEORY"

ASCENDING THEORY

1. Ascending Theory: Rationale and Theoretical Assumptions

2. Ascending Theory: Clinical Evidence

A. Clinical Data on Patterns of Venous Varicosities

Reflux Distribution and Progression in Non-Treated Limbs

Reflux and Perforator Veins

Reflux and Tributaries Veins

B. Clinical Data on Reflux with Competent Saphenous Junction

C. Clinical Results after Varicose Vein Treatments with Preservation of Sapheno-Femoral Confluence (Junction Sparing)

TREATMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS BY ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY

HISTORY OF FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY

PRODUCTION OF SCLEROSANT FOAM

PATIENT SELECTION

DIAGNOSTICS BEFORE SCLEROTHERAPY

DUPLEX ULTRASOUND-GUIDED SCLEROTHERAPY

RECENT RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF SCLEROSANT FOAM AND LIQUID FOR GSV REFLUX.

COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY WITH OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS

SAFETY ASPECTS OF FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY

GAS MIXTURE

FOAM CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME

Body Position

Presence of Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

AIRPLETHYSMOGRAPHY: A DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE

AIRPLETHSMOGRAPHY

EQUIPMENT AND EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE

INTERPRETATION OF APG RESULTS

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF THE APG

THE CHALLENGE OF UPWARD VS DOWNWARD DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY VARICOSE VEINS

THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARICOSE VEINS: "BEYOND VALVULAR INSUFFICIENCY"

DEFINITION AND PATHOGENESIS

PREVALENCE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS IN VVS

HISTOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT

MANAGEMENT OF VVS

CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT

SCLEROTHERAPY

MANAGEMENT OF SAPHENO- FEMORAL INCOMPETENCE

Surgery

RADIO-FREQUENCY AND LASER CLOSURE

SAPHENO-POPLITEAL INCOMPETENCE

ALTERNATIVE THERAPY FOR VVS

SUMMARY

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-62417-475-2

OCLC:

829713428