Air quality guidelines : global update 2005 : particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

World Health Organization.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Air--Pollution--Health aspects.

Air.

Air quality.

Physical Description:

ix, 484 p. : ill. (chiefly col.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide

Place of Publication:

Copenhagen, Denmark : World Health Organization, c2006.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This book presents revised guideline values for the four most common air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide - based on a recent review of the accumulated scientific evidence. The rationale for selection of each guideline value is supported by a synthesis of information emerging from research on the health effects of each pollutant. As a result, these guidelines now also apply globally. They can be read in conjunction with Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, which is still the authority on guideline values for all other air pollutants.

Contents:

Intro

CONTENTS

Foreword

Introduction

Development of the update

Scope of the update

Key scientific issues in the development of the guidelines

The updated guidelines and air quality management

References

Part 1 Application of air quality guidelines for policy development and risk reduction

1. Sources of air pollution

Summary

Primary pollutants

Secondary pollutants

2. Global ambient air pollution concentrations and trends

Assessment of air quality based on available monitoring data

PM 10 or respirable particulate matter

Ozone, a regional and global problem

Sulfur dioxide, traditionally from the burning of fossil fuel

Nitrogen dioxide, a problem related mainly to mobile sources

Trends in air quality

3. Human exposure to air pollution

Definition and concept of exposure

Where does human exposure occur?

Total exposure and time-activity patterns

The influence of location on the relationship between sources and exposures

Methods of exposure assessment

Assessing long-term exposure to air pollution

Critical time windows

Relationship between personal exposure, indoor concentration and outdoor concentration

Key factors determining the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations

Overall strength of the relationship between personal (or indoor) and outdoor concentrations

Population characteristics

Impact of exposure measurement error

Policy implications of exposure assessment

4. Health effects of air pollution: an overview

What is an adverse effect of air pollution?

Assessing the health effects of air pollution

Choice of study design

5. Determinants of susceptibility

Introduction.

Who are most affected?

Chronic diseases as determinants of susceptibility

Future considerations

6. Environmental equity

Introduction to concepts of environmental equity and justice

Policy contexts relevant to environmental equity

Evidence of inequities in health effects of air pollution

Evidence on the links between pollution sources and inequity

Hot spots, episodes and cumulative impacts

Future research and policy implications

7. Health impact assessment

Previous studies

Inputs for the analysis

Benefits of conducting impact assessment

A simple example of the methodology

Uncertainties

8. Application of guidelines in policy formulation

Setting air quality standards

Implementation

9. Indoor air quality

Background

Characteristics of solid fuel smoke

Indoor air pollutant levels in households using solid fuel: concentrations and exposures

Health effects associated with exposure to solid fuel smoke

Comparability of health impacts from indoor and outdoor air pollution

Options for interventions

Framework for air quality guidelines

Part 2 Risk assessment of selected pollutants

10. Particulate matter

General description

Exposures

Mechanisms of toxicity

Health effects

Human exposure studies

Evaluation

Guidelines

11. Ozone

Route of exposure and toxicokinetics

Summary of the pathogenetic mechanisms of ozone toxicity

12. Nitrogen dioxide

Routes of exposure

Kinetics and metabolism

Evaluation of human health risks

References.

13. Sulfur dioxide

Part 3 Annexes

Annex 1

Pathogenesis of ozone-dependent injury

Direct oxidation of cellular constituents

Induction of respiratory and systemic inflammation

Effects on immunity

Factors defining susceptibility and tolerance to ozone

Annex 2

List of Working Group members present at the meeting in Bonn, Germany, 18-20 October 2005

List of authors and reviewers not present at the Working Group meeting.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

1-280-95342-X

9786610953424

92-890-7290-3

OCLC:

476082541