Oil and gas pipelines : integrity and safety handbook / edited by R. Winston Revie ; contributors Gusai H. Al-Aithan [and eighty seven others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Revie, R. Winston (Robert Winston), 1944- editor.

Al-Aithan, Gusai H., contributor.

Standardized Title:

Oil and gas pipelines (Hoboken, N.J.)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Petroleum pipelines.

Gas pipelines.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (855 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2015.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A comprehensive and detailed reference guide on the integrity and safety of oil and gas pipelines, both onshore and offshore Covers a wide variety of topics, including design, pipe manufacture, pipeline welding, human factors, residual stresses, mechanical damage, fracture and corrosion, protection, inspection and monitoring, pipeline cleaning, direct assessment, repair, risk management, and abandonment Links modern and vintage practices to help integrity engineers better understand their system and apply up-to-date technology to older infrastructure Includes case histories with examples of solutions to complex problems related to pipeline integrity Includes chapters on stress-based and strain-based design, the latter being a novel type of design that has only recently been investigated by designer firms and regulators Provides information to help those who are responsible to establish procedures for ensuring pipeline integrity and safety

Contents:

Oil and Gas Pipelines: Integrity and Safety Handbook

Contents

Preface

Contributors

Part I: Design

1 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS)

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Lessons Learned and the Evolution of Pipeline Integrity

1.3 What Is a PIMS?

1.4 Regulatory Requirements

1.5 Core Structure and PIMS Elements

1.6 PIMS Function Map

1.7 Plan: Strategic and Operational

1.8 Do: Execute

1.9 Check: Assurance and Verification

1.10 Act: Management Review

1.11 Culture

1.12 Summary

References

2 SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

2.1 Introduction

2.2 SCADA Computer Servers

2.3 SCADA Computer Workstations

2.4 Hierarchy

2.5 Runtime and Configuration Databases

2.6 Fault Tolerance

2.7 Redundancy

2.8 Alarm Rationalization, Management, and Analysis

2.9 Incident Review and Replay

2.10 Data Quality

2.11 Operator Logbook and Shift Handover

2.12 Training

2.13 SCADA User Permissions and AORs

2.14 Web Connection

2.15 SCADA Security

2.16 Human Factors Design in SCADA Systems

2.17 SCADA Standards

2.18 Pipeline Industry Applications

2.18.1 Leak Detection

2.18.2 Batch Tracking

2.18.3 Dynamic Pipeline Highlight

2.19 Communication Media

2.19.1 Cat5 Data Cable

2.19.2 Leased Line

2.19.3 Microwave

2.19.4 Dial-Up Line

2.19.5 Optical Fiber

2.19.6 Satellite

2.20 Communications Infrastructure

2.21 Communications Integrity

2.22 RTUs and PLCs

2.23 Database

2.24 User-Defined Programs

2.25 RTU/PLC Integrity

3 Material Selection for Fracture Control

3.1 Overview of Fracture Control

3.2 Toughness Requirements: Initiation

3.3 Toughness Requirements: Propagation

3.4 Toughness Measurement

3.4.1 Toughness Measurement: Impact Tests

3.4.2 Toughness Measurement: J, CTOD, and CTOA.

3.5 Current Status

4 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines

4.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

4.1.1 Overview of Strain-Based Design

4.1.2 Deterministic versus Probabilistic Design Methods

4.1.3 Limit States

4.1.4 Displacement Control versus Load Control

4.1.5 Strain-Based Design Applications

4.2 Strain Demand

4.2.1 Overview

4.2.2 Challenging Environments and Strain Demand

4.2.3 Strain Levels and Analysis Considerations

4.3 Strain Capacity

4.3.1 Overview

4.3.2 Compressive Strain Capacity

4.3.3 Tensile Strain Capacity

4.4 Role of Full-Scale and Curved Wide Plate Testing

4.5 Summary

5 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Design Pressure

5.2.1 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure

5.2.2 Maximum Operating Pressure

5.2.3 Surge Pressure

5.2.4 Test Pressure

5.3 Design Factor

5.4 Determination of Components of Stress

5.4.1 Hoop and Radial Stresses

5.4.2 Longitudinal Stress

5.4.3 Shear Stress

5.4.4 Equivalent Stress

5.4.5 Limits of Calculated Stress

5.5 Fatigue

5.5.1 Fatigue Life

5.5.2 Fatigue Limit

5.5.3 S-N Curve

5.6 Expansion and Flexibility

5.6.1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors

5.7 Corrosion Allowance

5.7.1 Internal Corrosion Allowance

5.7.2 External Corrosion Allowance

5.7.3 Formulas

5.8 Pipeline Stiffness

5.8.1 Calculation of Pipeline Stiffness

5.8.2 Calculation of Induced Bending Moment

5.9 Pipeline Ovality

5.9.1 Brazier Effect

5.9.2 Ovality of a Buried Pipeline

5.10 Minimum Pipe Bend Radius

5.10.1 Minimum Pipe Bend Radius Calculation Based on Concrete

5.10.2 Minimum Pipe Bend Radius Calculation Based on Steel

5.10.3 Installation Condition

5.10.4 In-Service Condition

5.11 Pipeline Design for External Pressure

5.11.1 Buried Installation.

5.11.2 Above-Ground or Unburied Installation

5.12 Check for Hydrotest Conditions

5.13 Summary

6 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Limitations of the Technology Feasibility

6.3 Challenges of Offshore Applications

6.3.1 Design Challenges

6.3.2 Stress Analysis Challenges

6.3.3 Materials and Manufacturing Challenges

6.4 Typical Pipe Properties

6.5 Technology Qualification

6.6 Additional Resources

6.7 Summary

7 Residual Stress in Pipelines

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 The Nature of Residual Stresses

7.1.2 Sources of Residual Stresses

7.2 The Influence of Residual Stresses on Performance

7.2.1 Fatigue

7.2.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking

7.2.3 Corrosion Fatigue

7.2.4 Effects of Cold Working and Microscopic Residual Stresses

7.3 Residual Stress Measurement

7.3.1 Center Hole Drilling Method

7.3.2 Ring Core Method

7.3.3 Diffraction Methods

7.3.4 Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction: Full Stress Tensor Determination

7.3.5 Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Method

7.4 Control and Alteration of Residual Stresses

7.4.1 Shot Peening

7.4.2 Roller or Ball Burnishing and Low Plasticity Burnishing

7.4.3 Laser Shock Peening

7.4.4 Thermal Stress Relief

7.5 Case Studies of the Effect of Residual Stress and Cold Work

7.5.1 Case Study 1: Restoration of the Fatigue Performance of Corrosion and Fretting Damaged 4340 Steel

7.5.2 Case Study 2: Mitigating SCC in Stainless Steel Weldments

7.5.3 Case Study 3: Mitigation of Sulfide Stress Cracking in P110 Oil Field Couplings

7.5.4 Case Study 4: Improving Corrosion Fatigue Performance and Damage Tolerance of 410 Stainless Steel

7.5.5 Case Study 5: Improving the Fatigue Performance of Downhole Tubular Components

References.

8 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Site Characterization and Geotechnical Engineering in Relation to Pipeline System Response Analysis

8.2.1 Overview

8.2.2 Pipeline Routing

8.2.3 Geotechnical Investigations

8.3 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Analysis and Design

8.3.1 Overview

8.3.2 Physical Modeling

8.3.3 Computational Engineering Tools

8.3.4 Guidance on Best Practice to Enhance Computational Pipe/Soil Interaction Analysis

8.3.5 Emerging Research

8.3.6 Soil Constitutive Models

8.3.7 Advancing the State of Art into Engineering Practice through an Integrated Technology Framework

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

9 Human Factors

9.1 Introduction

9.2 What Is "Human Factors"?

9.3 Life Cycle Approach to Human Factors

9.3.1 Example Case Study

9.4 Human Factors and Decision Making

9.4.1 Information Receipt

9.4.2 Information Processing

9.5 Application of Human Factors Guidance

9.6 Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making

9.6.1 Satisficing Heuristic

9.6.2 Cue Primacy and Anchoring

9.6.3 Selective Attention

9.6.4 Availability Heuristic

9.6.5 Representativeness Heuristic

9.6.6 Cognitive Tunneling

9.6.7 Confirmation Bias

9.6.8 Framing Bias

9.6.9 Management of Decision-Making Challenges

9.7 Human Factors Contribution to Incidents in the Pipeline Industry

9.8 Human Factors Life Cycle Revisited

9.9 Summary

Bibliography

Part II: Manufacture, Fabrication, and Construction

10 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pipeline Steels

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Short History of Pipeline Steel Development

10.2.1 Thermomechanically Controlled Processing of Pipeline Steels

10.3 Texture Control in Pipeline Steels

10.3.1 Fracture of Pipeline Steels.

10.3.2 Effect of Phase Transformation on the Texture Components

10.3.3 Effect of Austenite Recrystallization on Plate Texture

10.3.4 Effect of Austenite Pancaking on the Rolling Texture

10.3.5 Effect of Finish Rolling in the Intercritical Region

10.4 Effect of Texture on In-Plane Anisotropy

10.5 Summary

11 Pipe Manufacture-Introduction

11.1 Pipe Manufacturing Background

11.2 Current Trends in Line Pipe Manufacturing

12 Pipe Manufacture-Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded Large Diameter Pipe

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Manufacturing Process

12.3 Quality Control Procedures

12.4 Range of Grades and Dimensions

12.5 Typical Fields of Application

13 Pipe Manufacture-Spiral Pipe

13.1 Manufacturing Process

13.2 Quality Control Procedures

13.3 Range of Grades and Dimensions

13.4 Typical Fields of Applicability

14 Pipe Manufacture-ERW Pipe

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Manufacturing Process

14.3 Quality Control Procedures

14.3.1 Welding Line

14.3.2 Finishing Line

14.3.3 Destructive Material Testing

14.4 Range of Grades and Dimensions

14.5 Typical Fields of Applicability

15 Pipe Manufacture-Seamless Tube and Pipe

15.1 The Rolling Process

15.1.1 Introduction and History

15.1.2 Cross Rolling Technology

15.1.3 Pilger Rolling

15.1.4 Plug Rolling

15.1.5 Mandrel Rolling

15.1.6 Forging

15.1.7 Size Rolling and Stretch Reducing

15.2 Further Processing

15.2.1 Heat Treatment

15.2.2 Quality and In-Process Checks

15.2.3 Finishing Lines

16 Major Standards for Line Pipe Manufacturing and Testing

16.1 API SPEC 5L/ISO 3183

16.2 CSA Z662-11: Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems

16.3 DNV-OS-F101-2012: Submarine Pipeline Systems.

16.4 ISO 15156-1:2009: Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries- Materials for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-5231-2369-9

1-119-01919-2

OCLC:

904715784