Design of multiphase reactors / Vishwas G. Pangarkar.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Pangarkar, Vishwas G., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical reactors.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (535 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2015]

Summary:

"This book covers simple design methods for multiphase reactors in the chemical process industries. It is aimed at providing the process design engineer with simple yet theoretically sound procedures. It can also be used as a text for a specialized course/elective for senior undergraduate and post graduate courses. Different types of multiphase reactors are dealt with on an individual basis including two widely used and important reactors that have not received adequate attention particularly: the ventury loop reactor and stirred reactor for cell culture technology. For each reactor type the book discusses the basic theory, develops quantitative models for reactor design and operation and comments on the state of knowledge"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Design of Multiphase Reactors

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1 Evolution of the Chemical Industry and Importance of Multiphase Reactors

1.1 Evolution of Chemical Process Industries

1.2 Sustainable and Green Processing Requirements in the Modern Chemical Industry

1.3 Catalysis

1.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis

1.3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis

1.4 Parameters Concerning Catalyst Effectiveness in Industrial Operations

1.4.1 Chemoselectivity

1.4.2 Regioselectivity

1.4.3 Stereoselectivity

1.5 Importance of Advanced Instrumental Techniques in Understanding Catalytic Phenomena

1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Catalysis

1.7 Click Chemistry

1.8 Role of Multiphase Reactors

References

Chapter 2 Multiphase Reactors: The Design and Scale-Up Problem

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Scale-Up Conundrum

2.3 Intrinsic Kinetics: Invariance with Respect to Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor

2.4 Transport Processes: Dependence on Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor

2.5 Prediction of the Rate-Controlling Step in the Industrial Reactor

2.6 Laboratory Methods for Discerning Intrinsic Kinetics of Multiphase Reactions

2.6.1 Two-Phase (Gas-Liquid) Reaction

2.6.2 Three-Phase (Gas-Liquid-Solid) Reactions with Solid Phase Acting as Catalyst

Nomenclature

Chapter 3 Multiphase Reactors: Types and Criteria for Selection for a Given Application

3.1 Introduction to Simplified Design Philosophy

3.2 Classification of Multiphase Reactors

3.3 Criteria for Reactor Selection

3.3.1 Kinetics vis-à-vis Mass Transfer Rates

3.3.2 Flow Patterns of the Various Phases

3.3.3 Ability to Remove/Add Heat

3.3.4 Ability to Handle Solids

3.3.5 Operating Conditions (Pressure/Temperature)

3.3.6 Material of Construction.

3.4 Some Examples of Large-Scale Applications of Multiphase Reactors

3.4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

3.4.2 Oxidation of p-Xylene to Purified Terephthalic Acid for Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)

Chapter 4 Turbulence: Fundamentals and Relevance to Multiphase Reactors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Fluid Turbulence

4.2.1 Homogeneous Turbulence

4.2.2 Isotropic Turbulence

4.2.3 Eddy Size Distribution and Effect of Eddy Size on Transport Rates

Chapter 5 Principles of Similarity and Their Application for Scale-Up of Multiphase Reactors

5.1 Introduction to Principles of Similarity and a Historic Perspective

5.2 States of Similarity of Relevance to Chemical Process Equipments

5.2.1 Geometric Similarity

5.2.2 Mechanical Similarity

5.2.3 Thermal Similarity

5.2.4 Chemical Similarity

5.2.5 Physiological Similarity

5.2.6 Similarity in Electrochemical Systems

5.2.7 Similarity in Photocatalytic Reactors

Chapter 6 Mass Transfer in Multiphase Reactors: Some Theoretical Considerations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Purely Empirical Correlations Using Operating Parameters and Physical Properties

6.3 Correlations Based on Mechanical Similarity

6.3.1 Correlations Based on Dynamic Similarity

6.4 Correlations Based on Hydrodynamic/Turbulence Regime Similarity

6.4.1 The Slip Velocity Approach

6.4.2 Approach Based on Analogy between Momentum and Mass Transfer

Chapter 7A Stirred Tank Reactors for Chemical Reactions

7A.1 Introduction

7A.1.1 The Standard Stirred Tank

7A.2 Power Requirements of Different Impellers

7A.3 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Two-Phase (Gas-Liquid) Stirred Tank Reactors

7A.3.1 Constant Speed of Agitation

7A.3.2 Constant Gas Flow Rate.

7A.4 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Three-Phase (Gas-Liquid-Solid) Stirred Tank Reactors

7A.5 Gas Holdup in Stirred Tank Reactors

7A.5.1 Some Basic Considerations

7A.5.2 Correlations for Gas Holdup

7A.5.3 Relative Gas Dispersion (N/NCD) as a Correlating Parameter for Gas Holdup

7A.5.4 Correlations for NCD

7A.6 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor

7A.7 Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor

7A.7.1 Solid Suspension in Stirred Tank Reactor

7A.7.2 Correlations for Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient

7A.8 Design of Stirred Tank Reactors with Internal Cooling Coils

7A.8.1 Gas Holdup

7A.8.2 Critical Speed for Complete Dispersion of Gas

7A.8.3 Critical Speed for Solid Suspension

7A.8.4 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient

7A.8.5 Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient

7A.9 Stirred Tank Reactor with Internal Draft Tube

7A.10 Worked Example: Design of Stirred Reactor for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25,000 Metric Tonnes per Year)

7A.10.1 Elucidation of the Output

Chapter 7B Stirred Tank Reactors for Cell Culture Technology

7B.1 Introduction

7B.2 The Biopharmaceutical Process and Cell Culture Engineering

7B.2.1 Animal Cell Culture vis-à-vis Microbial Culture

7B.2.2 Major Improvements Related to Processing of Animal Cell Culture

7B.2.3 Reactors for Large-Scale Animal Cell Culture

7B.3 Types of Bioreactors

7B.3.1 Major Components of Stirred Bioreactor

7B.4 Modes of Operation of Bioreactors

7B.4.1 Batch Mode

7B.4.2 Fed-Batch or Semibatch Mode

7B.4.3 Continuous Mode (Perfusion)

7B.5 Cell Retention Techniques for Use in Continuous Operation in Suspended Cell Perfusion Processes

7B.5.1 Cell Retention Based on Size: Different Types of Filtration Techniques.

7B.5.2 Separation Based on Body Force Difference

7B.5.3 Acoustic Devices

7B.6 Types of Cells and Modes of Growth

7B.7 Growth Phases of Cells

7B.8 The Cell and Its Viability in Bioreactors

7B.8.1 Shear Sensitivity

7B.9 Hydrodynamics

7B.9.1 Mixing in Bioreactors

7B.10 Gas Dispersion

7B.10.1 Importance of Gas Dispersion

7B.10.2 Effect of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide on Bioprocess Rate

7B.10.3 Factors That Affect Gas Dispersion

7B.10.4 Estimation of NCD

7B.11 Solid Suspension

7B.11.1 Two-Phase (Solid-Liquid) Systems

7B.11.2 Three-Phase (Gas-Liquid-Solid) Systems

7B.12 Mass Transfer

7B.12.1 Fractional Gas Holdup (εG)

7B.12.2 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer

7B.12.3 Liquid-Cell Mass Transfer

7B.13 Foaming in Cell Culture Systems: Effectson Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer

7B.14 Heat Transfer in Stirred Bioreactors

7B.15 Worked Cell Culture Reactor Design Example

7B.15.1 Conventional Batch Stirred Reactor with Air Sparging for Microcarrier-Supported Cells: A Simple Design Methodology for Discerning the Rate-Controlling Step

7B.15.2 Reactor Using Membrane-Based Oxygen Transfer

7B.15.3 Heat Transfer Area Required

7B.16 Special Aspects of Stirred Bioreactor Design

7B.16.1 The Reactor Vessel

7B.16.2 Sterilizing System

7B.16.3 Measurement Probes

7B.16.4 Agitator Seals

7B.16.5 Gasket and O-Ring Materials

7B.16.6 Vent Gas System

7B.16.7 Cell Retention Systems in Perfusion Culture

7B.17 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8 Venturi Loop Reactor

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Application Areas for the Venturi Loop Reactor

8.2.1 Two Phase (Gas-Liquid Reactions)

8.2.2 Three-Phase (Gas-Liquid-Solid-Catalyzed) Reactions

8.3 Advantages of the Venturi Loop Reactor: A Detailed Comparison

8.3.1 Relatively Very High Mass Transfer Rates.

8.3.2 Lower Reaction Pressure

8.3.3 Well-Mixed Liquid Phase

8.3.4 Efficient Temperature Control

8.3.5 Efficient Solid Suspension and Well-Mixed Solid (Catalyst) Phase

8.3.6 Suitability for Dead-End System

8.3.7 Excellent Draining/Cleaning Features

8.3.8 Easy Scale-Up

8.4 The Ejector-Based Liquid Jet Venturi Loop Reactor

8.4.1 Operational Features

8.4.2 Components and Their Functions

8.5 The Ejector-Diffuser System and Its Components

8.6 Hydrodynamics of Liquid Jet Ejector

8.6.1 Flow Regimes

8.6.2 Prediction of Rate of Gas Induction

8.7 Design of Venturi Loop Reactor

8.7.1 Mass Ratio of Secondary to Primary Fluid

8.7.2 Gas Holdup

8.7.3 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer: Mass Transfer Coefficient (kLa) and Effective Interfacial Area (a)

8.8 Solid Suspension in Venturi Loop Reactor

8.9 Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer

8.10 Holding Vessel Size

8.11 Recommended Overall Configuration

8.12 Scale-Up of Venturi Loop Reactor

8.13 Worked Examples for Design of Venturi Loop Reactor: Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine

Chapter 9 Gas-Inducing Reactors

9.1 Introduction and Application Areas of Gas-Inducing Reactors

9.1.1 Advantages

9.1.2 Drawbacks

9.2 Mechanism of Gas Induction

9.3 Classification of Gas-Inducing Impellers

9.3.1 1-1 Type Impellers

9.3.2 1-2 and 2-2 Type Impellers

9.4 Multiple-Impeller Systems Using 2-2 Type Impeller for Gas Induction

9.4.1 Critical Speed for Gas Induction

9.4.2 Rate of Gas Induction (QG)

9.4.3 Critical Speed for Gas Dispersion

9.4.4 Critical Speed for Solid Suspension

9.4.5 Operation of Gas-Inducing Reactor with Gas Sparging

9.4.6 Solid-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (KSL).

9.5 Worked Example: Design of Gas-Inducing System with Multiple Impellers for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25,000 Metric Tonnes per Year).

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781118807767

1118807766

9781118807774

1118807774

9781118807545

1118807545

OCLC:

881875864