Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications / edited by Stephen M. Roberts, Robert C. James, Phillip L. Williams.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Roberts, Stephen M., editor.

James, Robert C., editor.

Williams, Phillip L., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Toxicology.

Industrial toxicology.

Environmental toxicology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (499 p.)

Edition:

Third edition.

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A fully updated and expanded edition of the bestselling guide on toxicology and its practical application Covers the diverse chemical hazards encountered in the modern work and natural environment, and provides a practical understanding of these hazards New chapters cover the emerging areas of toxicology such as omics, computational toxicology, and nanotoxicology Provides clear explanations and practical understanding of the fundamentals necessary for an understanding of the effects of chemical hazards on human health and ecosystems Includes case histories and examples from industry demonstrat

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 General Principles of Toxicology

1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

1.2 TOXICOLOGY: A DIVERSE SCIENCE WITH TWO BASIC GOALS

1.3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FUNCTION

1.4 DOSE-RESPONSE/RISK ASSESSMENT FUNCTION

Defining Dose and Response

Dose-Response Graphs

1.5 HOW DOSE-RESPONSE DATA CAN BE USED

1.6 AVOIDING INCORRECT CONCLUSIONS FROM DOSE-RESPONSE AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION DATA

Species-Related Differences in Hazard and Dose-Response Information: A Frequent Problem that Raises Uncertainty for Animal-to-Human Extrapolations

1.7 ADDITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND DOSE-RESPONSE DATA

Route of Exposure

Sex

Age

Effects of Chemical Interaction (Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism)

Modes of Chemical Interaction

Genetic Makeup

Health Status

Chemical-Specific Factors

1.8 DESCRIPTIVE TOXICOLOGY: TESTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS AND GENERATING DOSE-RESPONSE DATA

1.9 EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY

1.10 SUMMARY

SUGGESTED READING

Chapter 2 Xenobiotic Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

2.1 XENOBIOTIC INTERACTIONS WITH THE BIOLOGICAL (CELL) MEMBRANE

Membrane Structure

Ionization of Xenobiotics

2.2 ABSORPTION

Gastrointestinal Tract

Lungs

Skin

2.3 DISTRIBUTION

Overview

Albumin Binding

2.4 Metabolism

Metabolism Enzymes and Reactions

Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzyme Induction

2.5 EXCRETION (ELIMINATION)

Renal

Biliary Excretion

Respiration

Milk

2.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 3 Toxicokinetics

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination

Toxicokinetic Modeling

3.2 TOXICOKINETIC MODELING FUNDAMENTALS

Kinetic Processes

Compartmental Analysis.

Clearance Modeling

PBPK Modeling

3.3 APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOKINETICS

Risk Assessment

Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors

Interindividual Variability

3.4 CASE STUDY: TOXICOKINETICS OF DIBUTYL PHTHALATE

Design of Kinetic Studies

Analysis of Kinetic Studies

Development of a PBPK Model

Model Parameterization

Model Validation

Application of PBPK Model

3.5 TOXICOKINETICS IN THE FUTURE

Interpretation of Human Biomonitoring Data

Quantitative In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation

Modeling of Pharmacodynamics

3.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING

Chapter 4 Omics Technologies in Toxicology

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO OMICS

How Omics Came to Be

4.2 GENOMICS

Change in Semantics for Microarrays

Printing of Microarrays

Preparing Target Molecules

Hybridization of Microarrays

Data Analysis for Gene Expression Microarrays

Microarray Platforms

MicroRNA Expression Profiling

4.3 PROTEOMICS

4.4 METABOLOMICS

4.5 PHARMACOGENOMICS

4.6 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

Trends in Data Analysis

4.7 SUMMARY

Chapter 5 Toxicity of the Hematopoietic System

5.1 HEMATOPOIESIS: ORIGINS OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS

Myelopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Thrombopoiesis

Granulopoiesis

Monopoiesis

Lymphopoiesis

5.2 HEMATOTOXICITY: ASSAYS USED FOR ANALYSIS

Complete Blood Count

Peripheral Blood Smear

Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy

Flow Cytometry/Immunophenotyping

Chromosome Analysis

Colony-Forming Units Assay

5.3 DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

Anemia

Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis

Thrombocytopenia

Aplastic Anemia

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

5.4 HEMATOTOXINS: KNOWN HEMATOTOXIC AGENTS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING.

Chapter 6 Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Liver

6.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL BASES OF LIVER INJURY

Physiological Considerations

Morphological Consideration

6.2 TYPES OF LIVER INJURY

Hepatocellular Degeneration and Death

Fatty Liver

Cholestasis

Vascular Injury

Cirrhosis

Tumors

6.3 EVALUATION OF LIVER INJURY

Symptoms of Liver Toxicity

Morphological Evaluation

Blood Tests

6.4 SUMMARY

Chapter 7 Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Kidney

7.1 RENAL STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY

Overview of Kidney Structure and Function

Nephron Structure and Heterogeneity

Countercurrent Flow and Urinary Concentration Mechanism

Membrane Transport Processes

Summary of Physiological Factors Contributing to the Kidneys as a Target Organ for Toxic Chemicals

7.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF RENAL INJURY

Acute Kidney Injury

Chronic Kidney Injury

Responses at the Cellular Level

7.3 ASSESSMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION AND INJURY IN THE CLINIC AND IN IN VIVO ANIMAL MODELS

Measurement of GFR

Basic Urinalysis

Secretion of Enzymes and Other Proteins into Urine as Biomarkers of Renal Injury and Site and Mechanism of Action

7.4 IN VITRO MODELS TO STUDY RENAL FUNCTION AND INJURY

Isolated Perfused Kidney

Renal Slices

Isolated Tubules and Tubular Fragments

Suspensions of Isolated Renal Cells and Primary Cell Culture

Immortalized Cell Lines

7.5 EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND THERAPEUTIC CHEMICALS THAT PRODUCE NEPHROTOXICITY

Halogenated Solvents: Tri- and Perchloroethylene

Heavy Metals: Mercury and Cadmium

Analgesics: Acetaminophen

Antibiotics: Cephalosporins

Antineoplastics: Cisplatin

7.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 8 Neurotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Nervous System

8.1 Nervous System.

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neurons

Glia

Blood-Brain Barrier

8.2 Neurotoxicological Agents

8.3 Neurotoxicants that Induce Neuronopathy

8.4 Neurotoxicants that Induce Axonopathy

8.5 Neurotoxicants that Induce Myelinopathy

8.6 Neurotoxicants that Induce Alterations of Neurotransmission at the Synapse

8.7 Role for Glia in Neurotoxicity

8.8 Evaluation of Neurotoxic Injury

8.9 Summary

Suggested Reading

Chapter 9 Dermatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Skin

9.1 HISTOLOGY

9.2 FUNCTIONS

9.3 TYPES OF DERMAL TOXICITY

Irritant Dermatitis

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Systemic Contact Dermatitis

Photosensitivity (Photoirritation and Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis)

Contact Urticaria Syndrome (Nonimmunological [NICU] and Immunological [ICU])

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Acneiform Dermatoses

Pigment Disturbances

Skin Cancer

9.4 SUMMARY

Chapter 10 Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in the Lung

10.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory Tract

Lung

10.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INHALATION TOXICOLOGY

Gases

H2S

Other Respiratory Irritants

Particles

Particle Size

Particle Deposition

Particle Clearance

10.3 ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INJURY

Burden of Oxidative Stress in Response to Respiratory Injury

Immune Reactivity in Response to Respiratory Injury

Alteration of Airway Function

Acute Pulmonary Edema

10.4 CHRONIC RESPONSE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INJURY

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Fibrosis

Asthma

Silicosis

Lung Cancer

Other Lung Diseases

10.5 EVALUATION OF TOXIC DAMAGE IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Studies in Humans

Studies in Animals

Animal Exposure

Pulmonary Function Test

Lung Lavage Assay

Lung Perfusion.

Fixation Technique for Morphological Study

In vitro Approaches for Both Human and Animal Study

Morphologic Techniques

Microdissection

Cell Culture

10.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 11 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Immune System

11.1 BIOLOGY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

11.2 TYPES OF IMMUNE REACTIONS AND DISORDERS

Allergic Reactions

Immunosuppression and Immune Enhancement

Autoimmunity

11.3 CLINICAL TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXICITY

Immunoglobulin Concentrations

T- and B-Cell Concentrations

Cutaneous Anergy

In Vitro Tests

Fluorescent Antinuclear Antibody Assay

11.4 TESTS FOR DETECTING IMMUNOTOXICITY IN ANIMAL MODELS

11.5 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS THAT ADVERSELY AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Metals

Polychlorinated Dibenzo(p)dioxins

Dust and Particulates

Pesticides

Solvents

Miscellaneous Agents

11.6 SUMMARY

Chapter 12 Toxic Effects on Reproduction

12.1 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The Male Reproductive System

The Female Reproductive System

12.2 GENERAL METHODS TO ANALYZE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS

The Mammary Gland

New Technologies to Assess Reproductive Toxicants

12.3 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS

Male Reproductive Toxicants

Female Reproductive Toxicants

Chapter 13 Developmental Toxicology

13.1 BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES: TERATOLOGY

The Principles of Teratology

Birth Defect Prevalence

13.2 PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY

Maternal Cardiovascular System

Metabolism in the Prospective Mother

Metabolism in the Fetus

Metabolism in the Placenta

Maternal Respiration

Maternal Renal Function

Summary of Pregnancy Physiology

13.3 WORKPLACE, OCCUPATION, AND ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS

Nursing/Health Care Workers.

Maternal and Paternal Exposure to Organic Solvents.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-118-98251-7

1-118-98248-7

OCLC:

880960177