Cigarette consumption and health effects / George G. Chen, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Chen, George G.

Series:

Public health in the 21st century series.

Public health in the 21st century

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Smoking--Health aspects.

Smoking.

Tobacco--Physiological effect.

Tobacco.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (243 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2013.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Cigarette smoking is a well-known public health issue which has a great impact on society, medical insurance, government policy and population health in general. Although we all know that cigarette smoking will damage health and even cause cancers, for certain reasons, the habit of smoking persists in our society. Therefore, while we continue to warn people of the toxic effect of cigarette smoking on health, we need to find out how the damages occur, and how to prevent it or how to minimize the outcome. This book consists of 12 chapters that address different aspects of cigarette consumption and health effects. The content of these chapters should be valuable for policy makers, investigators, and the public by providing a source of information which they may refer to when dealing with cigarette smoking issues.

Contents:

Intro

CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Health, an Unfolding Battle

References

Chapter 1: Tobacco Smoke and Breast Cancer Risk: Rapid Evolution of Evidence and Understanding in the Early 21st Century

Abstract

Introduction

A. Active Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk

Smoking Risk before First Birth Appears to Be the Critical Window for Exposure

Smoking before First Birth and Breast Biology and Toxicology

Smoking Only before First Pregnancy Versus Only after First Pregnancy

Active Smoking and NAT2 Status

Active Smoking Conclusions

B. Secondhand Smoke and Breast Cancer Risk

Misclassification of SHS Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk

The Differences in Estimated Risk from Isolated Ever Exposure Versus Comprehensive Higher Exposure Measures

Other Summarization of SHS Literature

Secondhand Smoke Conclusions

Overall Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Disclaimer

Chapter 2: Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Breast Cancer - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Methods

Results

Meta-Analysis on Various Measures of Active Smoking in Relation

Amount Of Smoking

Duration of Smoking

Age Started Smoking

By Menopausal Status of Breast Cancer

By Smoking at Different Reproductive Period

By Hormone Receptor Status of Breast Cancer

Potential Effect Modification by Genotype

Passive Smoking

Conclusion

Chapter 3: Significance of Smoking in Cervical Carcinogenesis

1. Smoking and Cervical Lesions: Epidemiology

2. Smoking and Cervical Epithelial Carcinogenesis

2.1. Mechanisms of Action

2.2. Smoking and Cervical Immunology.

Conclusion

Chapter 4: Association of Gene Polymorphisms with Lung and Colorectal Cancers in Relation to Smoking

Metabolic Enzymes

Gene Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzymes and

Lung Cancer Risk

Gene Polymorphisms of Metabolic Enzymes

and Colorectal Cancer Risk

DNA Repair Pathways

Gene Polymorphisms of DNA Repair Pathways

and Lung Cancer Risk

Chapter 5: The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Progression in Different Laryngeal Lesions

Patients and Methods

Discussion

Chapter 6: Impact of Smoking on Oral Mucosa and Reproduction: Effects on Humans and Experimental Models

The Noxious Effects of CS on Oral Tissues

Smoking and Reproduction

Effects of Smoking on Male Reproductive Function

Effects of Smoking on Female Fertility

Acknowledgments

Chapter 7: Effect of Chronic Smoke in Human Oral Mucosa: The Morphological Point of View

Smoke Chemical Composition

Smoke and Oral Mucosa

Human Oral Mucosa

Human Oral Mucosa and Intercellular Adhesion

Smoke and Intercellular Adhesion

Chapter 8: Cigarette Smoking and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease

Materials and Methods

Study Design

Samples

Biochemical Assays

Lipid Profile Assay

Tobacco Biomarkers

Clinical Evaluation

Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome

Statistical Analysis

Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Smokers

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity and Lipid Parameters in Smokers.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Smokers

Correlation between these Factors and Two Biological Tobacco Markers

Chapter 9: Potential Role of Cigarette Smoking in Two Emerging Endemic Diseases: Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

List of Abbreviations

Definition and Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

Smoking as a Risk Factor for Initiation and Progression of CKD in the General Population

Role of Tobacco in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Smoking and IgA Glomerulonephritis

Cigarette Smoking - Importance in Hypertensive Nephropathy

Smoking: A Common Origin of Ischemic Nephropathy

Tobacco Use in Lupus Nephritis

Patients on Renal Replacement Therapy (End-stage Renal Failure

Hemodialysis

CAPD

Transplantation) - Effect of Smoking

Conceptions for the Pathomechanisms of Smoking-induced Kidney Damage in CKD Patients

Hyperfiltration

Nicotine

Oxidative Stress

Tubulointerstitial Injury

Gene Modification

Reversibility

Histological Alterations of the Kidney due to Tobacco Consume

Renal Vessels

Glomerular and Tubulointerstitial Alterations

Role of Cigarette Smoking in the Development of Insulin Resistance, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome

Cigarette Smoking Promotes the Commencement of Diabetic Nephropathy in a Mixed Population of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Development of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Cigarette Smoking - Effect on the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy of Type 1 Diabetics

Initiation of Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Due to Chronic Cigarette Smoking

Tobacco as a Progression Promoter of DNP in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetic Smokers with End-stage Renal Failure and Renal Replacement Therapy.

Smoking as a Risk Factor for All-cause Mortality in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients with CKD

Possible Contribution of Smoking to Diabetic Nephropathy

Podocyte Damage

Hyperfiltration and Limited or Abolished Glomerular Autoregulation

Genetic Predisposition

Heavy Metals

Impaired Vasodilation

Elevated Resting Energy Expenditure

Histology in Diabetic Nephropathy and Metabolic Syndrome

Future Perspectives

Chapter 10: Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Smoking Questionnaire

Paraoxonase Activity

Risk Factors of Oxidative Stress in Smokers

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Plasma Total Homocysteine Concentrations

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity in Smokers

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Uric Acid Levels

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Bilirubin Levels

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Albumin Levels

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on MDA Levels

Correlation between the Studied Oxidative Stress Factors and Two Biological Tobacco Markers

Chapter 11: Causality of Cigarette Smoking among Young Men in Taiwan

Study Sample and Study Design

Data Collection and Measurement

Chapter 12: Review - Bacteria, Mold and Microbial Toxinsof Cigarettes

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

FDA List of Harmful Constituents of Tobacco Smoke

Structured Studies of Tobacco Smoke Chemical Toxicants

Aflatoxin B1 - First Listing of a Microbe-derived Carcinogen of Tobacco.

Tobacco Microbes and Microbial Toxins - Propensity for Harm

Tobacco Microbes, Cigarette Smoke and Carcinogenic Nitrosamines

2. Tobacco Microflora, Curing and Fermentation

The Microbiology of Tobacco

Biological and Chemical Components in Tobacco - A New Perspective

3. Chronic Inflammation and Tobacco Smoke

Tobacco Microbes and Lung Leukocyte Toll Receptors

Cigarette Smoke, Chronic Inflammation, and Impaired Immunity

Inhaled Microbes and the Alveolus

Toll Receptor Mediated Pro-inflammatory Response

LPS in Tobacco Smoke

4. COPD and Chronic Inflammation

Bacterial Colonization of the Lung

5. Transfer of Tobacco Flakes into Mainstream Smoke

Tobacco Bacteria Escape Pyrolysis

6. Immune Response to the Inhalation of Tobacco-associated Bacillus

Cigarettes, Tobacco, Bacteria and Spores

Cigarettes, Tobacco, and Mold

7. Chewing Tobacco and Microbes

Potential Pathogens and Aflatoxin

Summary

Index.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-62257-775-2

OCLC:

847618358