Distributed multi-generation systems : energy models and analyses / Pierluigi Mancarella, Gianfranco Chicco.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Mancarella, Pierluigi.

Contributor:

Chicco, Gianfranco.

Mancarella, Pierluigi.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Energy facilities--Mathematical models.

Energy facilities.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (290 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The recent development of distributed generation technologies is changing the focus of the production of electricity from large centralized power plants to local energy systems scattered over the territory. Under the distributed generation paradigm, the present research scenario emphasises more and more the role of solutions aimed at improving the energy generation efficiency and thus the sustainability of the overall energy sector. In particular, coupling local cogeneration systems to various typologies of chillers and heat pumps allows setting up distributed multi-generation systems for combined production of different energy vectors such as electricity, heat (at different enthalpy levels), cooling power, and so forth. The generation of the final demand energy outputs close to the users enables reducing the losses occurring in the energy chain conversion and distribution, as well as enhancing the overall generation efficiency.This book presents a comprehensive introduction to energy planning and performance assessment of energy systems within the so-called Distributed Multi-Generation (DMG) framework. Typical plant schemes and components are illustrated and modelled, with special focus on applications for trigeneration of electricity, heat and cooling power. A general approach to characterization and planning of multi-generation systems is formulated in terms of the so-called lambda analysis, which extends the classical models related to the heat-to-power cogeneration ratio analysis in cogeneration plants. A unified theoretical framework leading to synthesize different performance assessment techniques is described in details. In particular, different indicators are presented for evaluating the potential energy benefits of distributed multi-generation systems with respect to classical case of separate production and centralized energy systems. Several case study applications are illustrated to exemplify the models presented and to point out some numerical aspects relevant to equipment available on the market. In particular, schemes with different cogeneration prime mover typologies, as well as electric, absorption and engine-driven chillers and heat pumps, are discussed and evaluated. A number of openings towards modelling and evaluation of environmental and economic issues are also provided. The aspects analysed highlight the prominent role of DMG systems towards the development of more sustainable energy scenarios.

Contents:

Intro

DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATIONSYSTEMS:ENERGY MODELS AND ANALYSES

PREFACE

CONTENTS

NOTATION

ACRONYM LIST

SYMBOLS

SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

INTRODUCTION

THE DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATIONFRAMEWORK

1.1. RECENT ENERGY SYSTEM EVOLUTIONS

1.2. BACKGROUND FRAMEWORKS:DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES

1.3. BACKGROUND FRAMEWORKS: COGENERATION

1.4. FROM COGENERATION TO MULTI-GENERATION

1.5. THE DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION (DMG) PARADIGM

DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION SYSTEMS:STRUCTURES AND SCHEMES

2.1. MULTI-GENERATION PLANT STRUCTURE

2.1.1. Overall block structure

2.1.2. Energy vector description

2.2. THE CHP BLOCK

2.2.1. Equipment and characteristics

2.2.2. Prime mover control strategies

2.3. THE AGP BLOCK

2.3.1. AGP equipment in separate linking mode

2.3.2. AGP equipment in bottoming linking mode

2.3.3. Other equipment

2.4. INTERACTIONS WITH EXTERNAL SYSTEMS

2.4.1. External networks

2.4.2. Distributed storage

2.4.3. Renewable energy sources and hybrid systems

MULTI-GENERATION COMPONENTS:CHARACTERISTICS AND MODELS

3.1. COGENERATION PRIME MOVERS

3.1.1. General aspects

3.1.2. Internal Combustion Engines

3.1.2.1. Cooling and heat recovery systems

3.1.2.2. Efficiency and off-design performance of ICEs

3.1.3. Microturbines

3.1.3.1. Generalities on microturbines

3.1.3.2. Off-design characteristics

3.1.3.3. Cogeneration applications

3.1.3.4. Considerations on single-shaft MTs and comparison with ICE technologies

3.1.4. Stirling engines

3.2. COMBUSTION HEAT GENERATORS

3.2.1. General aspects of heat generation groups

3.2.2. Boiler efficiency and losses

3.2.3. Partial-load characteristics

3.3. COOLING GENERATION PLANT EQUIPMENT

3.3.1. Generalities on cooling plants.

3.3.2. Cooling plants characteristics

3.3.3. Vapour compression chillers

3.3.3.1. Thermodynamic aspects and components

3.3.3.2. Refrigerants

3.3.3.3. Compressors

3.3.3.4. Considerations on reciprocating and screw compressors for cooling plants

3.3.3.5. Off-design models

3.3.4. Absorption chillers

3.3.4.1. General characteristics

3.3.4.2. Thermodynamic aspects

3.3.4.3. Absorption chiller off-design characteristics

3.3.4.4. Temperature constraints for heat sources

3.3.4.5. Comparison between absorption chillers and vapour compression electricchillers

3.3.5. Adsorption chillers

3.3.6. Heat pumps

3.3.6.1. Classification of heat pumps

3.3.6.2. Thermodynamic aspects of EHPs

3.3.6.3. Electric heat pump performance

3.3.6.4. The thermal source

3.3.6.5. Electric resistance heating

3.3.7. Engine-driven chillers

3.3.7.1. General aspects

3.3.7.2. Engine-driven chiller performance

3.3.7.3. Heat recovery

3.4. HEAT RECOVERY IN COOLING PLANTS

3.4.1. General models for bottoming cycle heat recovery in cooling plants

3.4.2. The EHP for heat recovery bottoming cycles

DISTRIBUTED MULTI-GENERATION PLANNING

4.1. PLANNING ISSUES WITHIN THE MULTI-GENERATIONFRAMEWORK

4.2. CHARACTERIZATION AND PLANNING OF A COGENERATIONPLANT

4.2.1. Load duration curve analysis

4.2.2. The cogeneration ratio for generation and load

4.2.3. "Unmatched" plant and energy interaction modelling

4.2.4. Time-domain load characterization of a cogeneration plant

4.2.5. Time-domain production characterization of a cogeneration plant

4.3. CHARACTERIZATION AND PLANNING OF AMULTI-GENERATION PLANT

4.3.1. The effect of cooling power generation: the trigeneration lambdaanalysis

4.3.2. Cooling power generation effect on the cogeneration ratio.

4.3.3. Cooling power generation effect on the load duration curve analysis

4.3.4. Heat/cooling power production effect in the AGP: the multi-generationlambda analysis

4.3.5. The lambda transforms

4.4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FORMULTI-GENERATION EQUIPMENT

4.4.1. Input-output black-box modelling approach

4.4.2. Efficiency indicators for black-box models

4.5. HEAT/COOLING GENERATION IMPACT ON THE COGENERATIONSIDE: EXPRESSIONS FOR THE LAMBDA TRANSFORMS

4.5.1. Separate cooling/heat generation

4.5.2. Bottoming cooling generation

4.5.3. Bottoming heat generation

4.5.4. The heat recovery from chillers in the AGP

4.5.5. An alternative point of view: transformation of the prime movercharacteristics and Λy-transforms

4.6. THE LAMBDA ANALYSIS AS A PLANNING TOOL

4.6.1. The multi-generation energy system planning process

4.6.2. AGP selection resorting to the lambda analysis

4.6.3. Suitability of multi-generation solutions to different loadconfigurations

4.6.4. Suitability of specific trigeneration solutions to load configurations

4.6.4.1. CHP-WARG/WAHP scheme

4.6.4.2. CHP-GARG/GAHP and CHP-EDC/EDHP schemes

4.6.4.3. CHP-EHP and CHP-CERG schemes

4.7. CASE STUDY APPLICATION

4.7.1. Description of the trigeneration user

4.7.2. The lambda analysis applied to the cooling power generationequipment: results of the lambda transforms

4.7.2.1. Case 1: GARG

4.7.2.2. Case 2: CERG

4.7.2.3. Case 3: WARG

4.7.2.4. Case 4: WARG (base-load) + CERG (modulation)

4.7.2.5. Case 5: CERG (base-load) + WARG (modulation)

4.7.3. Discussion on the prime mover selection

4.8. REMARKS ON MULTI-GENERATION PLANNING.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT:RATIONALES AND INDICATORS

5.1. GENERALITIES ON THE METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR DMGENERGY ASSESSMENT

5.1.1. DMG energy system assessment approaches

5.1.2. DMG energy system model with a black-box-based approach

5.2. UNIFIED APPROACH TO SINGLE AND MULTIPLE ENERGYVECTOR PRODUCTION

5.2.1. Output-to-input first-law performance indicators for equipment andnetworks

5.2.2. Evaluation of different types of energy: the need for a common metric

5.2.3. Energy chain model for DMG systems

5.2.4. Single energy vector assessment for trigeneration cases: the PrimaryEnergy Rate (PER) indicator and the Absolute Trigeneration HeatRate (ATHR) array

5.2.5. The Thermal Heat Rate (THR) in thermal-only production

5.2.6. The Cooling Heat Rate (CHR) in cooling-only production

5.3. BENCHMARK MODELS FOR SEPARATE PRODUCTION OF HEAT,ELECTRICITY AND COOLING POWER

5.3.1. Conventional reference model for separate production of electricity:equivalent power plant

5.3.2. Conventional reference model for separate production of heat:equivalent boiler

5.3.3. Conventional reference model for separate production of coolingpower: equivalent electric chiller

5.4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR CHP SYSTEMS

5.4.1. Model for cogeneration of electricity and heat

5.4.2. Cogeneration first law efficiency or Energy Utilisation Factor (EUF)

5.4.3. "Value-Weighted" Energy Utilisation Factor (EUFvw)

5.4.4. CHP incremental indicators

5.4.5. Second law-based models

5.4.6. Fuel Energy Saving Ratio (FESR) or Primary Energy Saving (PES)

5.5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR CCHP SYSTEMS

5.5.1. The evaluation of cooling power through reference electric chillers

5.5.2. Trigeneration Energy Utilization Factor (TEUF)

5.5.3. Absolute Trigeneration Heat Rate (ATHR) and Overall TrigenerationHeat Rate (OTHR).

5.5.4. Trigeneration Primary Energy Saving (TPES)

5.5.5. Incremental Trigeneration Heat Rate (ITHR)

5.6. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF GENERIC DMG SYSTEMS

5.6.1. Primary energy saving as the favourite assessment metric

5.6.2. The Poly-generation Primary Energy Saving (PPES) indicator forDMG energy systems and networks

5.6.3. Rationales for the selection of the separate production models

5.7. REMARKS ON DMG ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTMETHODOLOGIES

COGENERATION ENERGY PERFORMANCEASSESSMENT APPLICATIONS

6.1. ENERGY CHAIN MODEL APPLICATION TO HEATINGGENERATION

6.1.1. Comparison between electric heat pumps and boilers

6.1.2. Primary energy saving analysis

6.1.3. Electric resistance heating

6.2. HEAT-AND-ELECTRICITY COGENERATIONASSESSMENT EXAMPLES

6.2.1. General consideration on the FESR

6.2.1.1. What FESR?

6.2.1.2. Primary energy saving break-even analyses

6.2.1.3. Some remarks on FESR applications

6.2.2. CHP assessment through incremental indices

6.3. HEAT AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION:CHP COUPLED TO EHP

6.3.1. Primary energy saving model for a composite CHP-EHP scheme

6.3.1.1. Numerical examples

6.3.2. Incremental indicators for CHP-EHP assessment

6.3.2.1. Numerical applications: performance evaluation of different CHP prime moverscoupled with an EHP

ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OFTRIGENERATION ALTERNATIVES

7.1. CONSIDERATIONS ON REFERENCE MODELS

7.2. COGENERATION OF COOLING AND ELECTRICITY(SEASONAL TRIGENERATION)

7.2.1. Primary energy saving break-even conditions

7.2.2. Primary energy saving assessment

7.2.3. Incremental assessment

7.3. TRIGENERATION OF ELECTRICITY, HEAT AND COOLING POWERIN A CHP-WARG SCHEME

7.3.1. Trigeneration plant model and energy flows

7.3.2. Energy saving break-even conditions

7.3.3. Trigeneration primary energy saving assessment.

7.3.4. Further issues related to CHP-chiller coupling.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-372-X

OCLC:

923664321