Energy costs, international developments and new directions / Leszek Kowalczyk and Jakub Piotrowski, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kowalczyk, Leszek.

Piotrowski, Jakub.

Series:

Energy science, engineering and technology series.

Energy science, engineering and technology series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Renewable energy sources--Costs.

Renewable energy sources.

Power resources--Costs.

Power resources.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (240 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Energy is an essential factor in development, since it stimulates, and supports economic growth, and development. Any form of energy can be transformed into another form, but the total energy always remains the same. Several different kinds of energy exist to explain all known natural phenomena. These forms include (but are not limited to) kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic and electromagnetic energy. This book discusses new developments in this field, as well as the impact that renewable energy, and alternative energy might have in the future.

Contents:

Intro

ENERGY COSTS, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND NEW DIRECTIONS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 OPPORTUNITIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF SUDAN

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HYDROPOWER

2.1. Water Resources

2.2. Hydropower Development

2.3. Growth of Electricity Sector

2.4. Small Hydropower

2.5. Environment

2.6. Future Outlook

3. BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL

3.1. Bioenergy

3.2. Waste Policy in Context

3.3. Energy from Agricultural Biomass

4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

4.1. Heat Pumps

4.2. Heat Pump Principles

4.3. Refrigeration

4.4. Water Source Heat Pump

4.5. Geothermal Aquifers

4.6. Costs of GSHP

5. SOLAR ENERGY

5.1. Solar Energy Applications

5.1.1. Solar cookers

5.1.2. Industrial solar water heaters (SWHs)

5.1.3. Solar stills

5.1.4. Solar dryers for peanut crops

5.1.5. PV solar lighting systems.

5.1.6. PV solar water pumps

5.1.7. PV solar refrigerators

5.1.8. PV communication systems

5.2. The Future

5.3. Greenhouses Applications

5.3.1. Principle of greenhouse

5.3.2. Heating the greenhouse or conservatory

5.3.3. Indoor environment control

6. ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING

7. CONCLUSIONS

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL

1.1. Efficiency Use of Energy

1.2. Utilise Renewable Energy

1.3. Reduce Transport Energy

1.4. Increase Awareness

2. ENERGY FROM WASTE

2.1. Waste Shredding

2.2. Biomass CHP

3. WIND ENERGY

4. SOLAR ENERGY

5. HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

6. GASIFICATION

7. ENERGY RECOVERY

8. GEOTHERMAL HEAT

9. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

10.1. Energy Supply

10.2. Refrigeration.

10.3. Temperature Distributions

10.4. Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles

11. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE

11.1. Natural Disasters

12. CONCLUSIONS

12.1. Utilisation of Renewable Energy

12.1.1. Policy and environment

12.1.2. Solar electrical technology

12.1.3. Solar thermal technology

12.1.4. Solar and low energy architecture

12.1.5. Wind energy technology and applications

12.1.6. Biomass conversion

12.1.7. Fuel cells and hydrogen technology

12.1.8. Marine/ocean energy

Chapter 3 BRIDGING RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RURAL COMMUNITIES: SOCIAL LEARNING AS A CATALYST

INTRODUCTION

THE CHINESE CONTEXT

OBJECTIVES AND CASE STUDY SETTING

RESEARCH FINDINGS

ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM

RECOGNITION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

BRAINWASHING THROUGH TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS

LEARNING FROM NEIGHBOURS

ATTITUDES TOWARDS STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 4 ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SUDAN

2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

3. SUSTAINABILITY

4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVES

(1) Implementing Ecologically Sustainable Industrial Development Strategies

(2) Applying Cleaner Production Processes and Techniques

(3) Implementing Environmental Management Systems

(4) Managing and Conserving Water Resources

(5) Using Market Based Instruments (MBIs) to Internalise Environmental Costs

(6) Counteracting Threats from Eco-labelling Requirements

(7) Implementing the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change

(8) Addressing Concerns of Small and Medium Scale Industry (SMI)

5. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS IN SUDAN

6. PRIVATISATION AND PRICE LIBERALISATION IN ENERGY SOURCE SUPPLIES.

7. SYNTHESIS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY

8. CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL WARMING AND THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT

9. MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMING SECTORS

9.1. Agricultural Sector

9.2. Industrial Sector

9.3. Domestic Use

9.4. Transport Sector

10. MITIGATION MEASURES

11. POLICY DEVELOPMENT

12. THE FUTURE

13. CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 5 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FOR FUTURE

2. ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM COLD WATER

3. ENERGY SOURCE: THE GROUNDS

3.1. Surface Soil Heat

3.2. Heat from Bedrock

3.3. Drilling for Energy

3.4. Function of the Cooling Circuit

3.5. Free Cooling

4. TYPES OF THE COMMERCIAL GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

FIGHTER 1120

FIGHTER 1220

FLM 30

FIGHTER 1320

VPA

HPAC

4.1. Exhaust Air Heat Pumps

4.2. Ventilation - Health Aspects

4.3. Controlled Domestic Ventilation

4.4. Low-Energy House

4.5. Controlled Domestic Ventilation

4.6. Controlled Domestic Ventilation with Heat Recovery

Functions

5. SIZING CONSIDERATIONS

5.1. Ground Loops

5.2. Heat Pumps

5.3. Heat Distribution Systems

5.4. Design Considerations

5.5. Earth Loops

5.6. Types of Earth Loops

5.6.1. Open loop

5.6.2. Closed loop

5.6.3. Pond loops

5.6.4. Vertical loops

5.6.5 Horizontal loops

5.6.6. Vertical closed loop

5.6.7. Horizontal closed loop

6. INDOOR EQUIPMENT

7. APPLICATIONS

7.1. Basic Description of the Component of a GSHP

7.2. Performance and Costs

8. CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 6 ENERGY EFFICIENT USE IN THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

2. FORMULATION OF OBJECTIVE FUNCTION

3. MODEL ANALYSIS AND SOLUTION

(a) Decomposition

(b) Water Demand

(c) Long-Term Model

(d) Short-Term Model.

4. INITIAL SOLUTION FOR THE SELECTION OF THE PUMP COMBINATIONS

5. LONG-TERM MODEL FOR THE OPTIMAL DESIGN AND OPERATION OF PUMPING STATIONS AND REGULATION RESERVOIR

(a) Pump Groups

(b) Regulation Reservoir Design

(c) Reservoir operation. Operational Cost of the Pumps

6. SHORT-TERM MODEL FOR THE OPTIMAL OPERATION OF PUMPING STATIONS AND REGULATION RESERVOIR

7. MODEL APPLICATIONS

7.1. Water Distribution System of an Irrigation District

7.2. Water Distribution System of a Fishfarm

7.3. Results: Irrigation District

7.4. Results: Fishfarm

7.5. Water Demand Forecasting for Short-Term Model

8. CONCLUSION

Chapter 7 ADSORPTION MECHANISM OF METHANE AND ITS EFFECT ON SEPARATION AND STORAGE METHODS

ADSORPTION MECHANISM OF METHANE

Methane Separation

Methane Storage

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 8 PERSPECTIVE OF ENERGY AND GHG EMISSION IN CHINA IN 2050

1. PREFACE

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL AND G8 HOKKAIDO TOYAKO SUMMIT LEADERS DECLARATION

(1) Kyoto Protocol

(2) G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Leaders Declaration

(3) The Impact of Cutting Present CO2 Emission Levels in Half

(4) CO2 Emissions

3. PERSPECTIVE OF ENERGY IN CHINA

(1) Trend Survey of China in the Past 20 Years

(2) Past Trend of Japan and East Asian Countries

(3) Perspective of Energy Demand in China

4. DISCUSSION: WHAT SHALL BE DONE IN CHINA?

(1) General Discussion

(2) Discussion of Electricity

Case Selection

Major Conclusion

(3) Discussion of Energy for Transportation

(4) Discussion of Nuclear Energy

(5) Total Energy and GHG in 2050

5. CONCLUSION

Chapter 9 NANO-CHANNELS FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION: ORIENTED ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANO-STRUCTURE FACILITATING CHARGE TRANSFER IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS.

1. TITANIA NANOARRAYS IN DSCS[7]

2. DSCS WITH COMPOSITE LIQUID ELECTROLYTES AND IONIC LIQUIDS

2.1. Composite Liquid Electrolytes

2.2 Composite Ionic Liquids and Corresponding Quasi-Solid DSCs

3. Oriented One-Dimensional Nano-Channel Structure

INDEX

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-400-9

OCLC:

662453143