Air pollution and ship emissions / Jacob Boutin, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Boutin, Jacob.

Series:

Air, water and soil pollution science and technology series.

Air, water and soil pollution science and technology

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Merchant marine--Environmental aspects--Government policy--United States.

Merchant marine.

Combustion gases--Environmental aspects.

Combustion gases.

Ships--Environmental aspects.

Ships.

Air quality management--Government policy--United States.

Air quality management.

Air--Pollution.

Air.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (200 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2010.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

As pollution from cars, trucks, and land-based stationary sources has been more tightly controlled over the last 40 years, the contribution of ships and port operations to air pollution in port cities has become more important. This book provides information regarding pollution from ships and port facilities.

Contents:

Intro

AIR POLLUTION AND SHIP EMISSIONS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 AIR POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

MARPOL ANNEX VI

Provisions of Annex VI

Implementing Legislation (P.L. 110-280)

Amendments to Annex VI

EPA Regulations

OTHER LEGISLATION

FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL MEASURES

Category 3 Engines

Category 1 and 2 Engines

California Emission Reduction Measures

Low Sulfur Fuels

Emission Controls

Alternative Power

Grants

GREENHOUSE GASES

International Efforts to Address GHGs

Shipping vs. Other Transport Modes

Measures to Reduce Ships' GHG Emissions

CONCLUSION

End Notes

Chapter 2 EMISSION CONTROL AREA PROPOSAL FOR SHIPS FACT SHEET

REGULATORY ANNOUNCEMENT: PROPOSAL OF EMISSION CONTROL AREA DESIGNATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

EPA-420-F-09-015, March 2009

Overview

The Need to Reduce Emissions from Engines on Ships

Emission Control Area Standards

Costs

Benefits

Next Steps

Chapter 3 EPA NEEDS TO IMPROVE ITS EFFORTS TO REDUCE AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS

ABBREVIATIONS

WHY WE DID THIS REVIEW

BACKGROUND

WHAT WE FOUND

WHAT WE RECOMMEND

ACTION REQUIRED

1. INTRODUCTION

Purpose

Background

Sources of Emissions

Impacts of Air Pollution from Port Activities

Projected Port Growth and Impacts

EPA's Multipronged Approach to Reducing Emissions at U.S. Ports

EPA Regulatory Authority

Key EPA Voluntary Strategies - Clean Ports USA Program, SmartWay Transport Partnership, and Regional Diesel Collaboratives

EPA's Work with the International Maritime Organization

Noteworthy Achievements

Scope and Methodology.

2. RECENT AGENCY AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIONS HAVE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE HARMFUL EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSEL ENGINES

Air Emissions from Large Oceangoing Vessel Engines Have Been Essentially Unregulated by EPA

NOx

PM and SOx

CO, HC, and Air Toxics

EPA Has Chosen to Defer Taking a Position on Whether It Has Authority to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions

EPA Stated a Need to Regulate Foreign-Flagged Vessel Engine Emissions in 2002

Agency Efforts Have Only Recently Resulted in an International Agreement Which Could Achieve Substantial Emission Reductions

Proposed Revisions to MARPOL Annex VI Adopted

Comparing the IMO Agreement and the U.S. Proposal

Importance of IMO Emission Control Areas

Next Steps in the IMO Process

EPA's Delay in Controlling Oceangoing Vessel Engine Emissions May Have Long-Term Effects

Conclusions

Recommendations

Agency Comments and OIG Evaluation

3. IMPLEMENTING EPA'S APPROACH TO REDUCING AIR EMISSIONS AT U.S. PORTS NEEDS IMPROVING

EPA's Approach Is Incomplete

Limited Data to Verify Results of Voluntary Actions

Voluntary Initiatives Have Not Been Implemented at Many U.S. Ports

Opportunities Exist to Improve Participation in Regional Diesel Collaboratives

EPA Verified Technologies Are Major Component of Voluntary Emission Reduction Efforts, But Funding is Limited

Limited Resources for Implementing EPA's Efforts to Reduce Port Emissions

EPA's New Strategy for Sustainable Ports Lacks a Transformation Plan

Recommendation

STATUS OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND POTENTIAL MONETARY BENEFITS

APPENDIX A. PROJECTED GROWTH OF U.S. PORTS DUE TO CONTAINER SHIPPING

APPENDIX B. KEY EPA REGULATIONS FOR FIVE MAJOR SOURCES OF PORT EMISSIONS

Oceangoing Vessels

Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks.

Cargo-Handling Equipment

Harbor Craft and Locomotives

APPENDIX C. DETAILS ON SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

Review of Management (Internal) Controls

Prior Reports

Prior GAO Reports

APPENDIX D. DETAILS ON EPA'S RATIONALE FOR NOT TAKING A POSITION ON WHETHER IT HAS AUTHORITY TO REGULATE FOREIGN-FLAGGED VESSELS

APPENDIX E. TIMELINE OF SELECTED EPA REGULATORY ACTIONS SINCE 1990 TO ADDRESS AIR EMISSIONS FROM PORT SOURCES

APPENDIX F. SUMMARY OF REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE IMO IN OCTOBER 2008

APPENDIX G. STATUS OF PARTICIPATION IN REGIONAL DIESEL COLLABORATIVES FOR PORTS IN NONATTAINMENT AREAS

APPENDIX H. DETAILS OF EPA'S STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE PORTS

APPENDIX I. AGENCY RESPONSE TO DRAFT REPORT

Recommendations-Chapter 2

Recommendation-Chapter 3

General Comments and/or Clarifications

APPENDIX J. OIG EVALUATION OF AGENCY RESPONSE

APPENDIX K. DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 4 FAQ ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA

WHAT ARE THE INTERNATIONAL MARINE STANDARDS AND WHY IS APPLICATION FOR AREA DESIGNATION NECESSARY?

WHO CAN APPLY FOR ECA DESIGNATION?

WHAT ARE THE REQUIRED COMPONENTS OF AN ECA APPLICATION?

WHAT IS THE EXPECTED TIMELINE FOR THE U.S. ECA APPLICATION TO THE IMO? WHEN AN APPLICATION IS SUBMITTED, WHAT ARE THE STEPS AND TIME-LINE FOR APPROVAL AND FOR IMPLEMENTATION?

HOW WOULD VESSEL OPERATORS BE AFFECTED?

ARE THERE ANY ECAS CURRENTLY IN EFFECT?

IS THE U.S. INTENDING TO SUBMIT A JOINT APPLICATION WITH CANADA AND/OR MEXICO?

HOW FAR OFF THE U.S. COASTLINE WILL THE ECA EXTEND? HOW WILL PRACTICALITIES LIKE THE SOVEREIGN WATERS OF ADJACENT NATIONS BE HANDLED IN THE APPLICATION?

WILL THE COASTS OF ALASKA AND HAWAII (AND OTHER U.S. TERRITORIES) BE INCLUDED IN THE APPLICATION? IF NOT, CAN THEY BE INCLUDED IN THE FUTURE?.

WILL DESIGNATION OF A U.S. ECA ENCOURAGE SHIPPING LINES TO DIVERT "DISCRETIONARY" SHIPMENTS AWAY FROM U.S. PORTS (IN FAVOR OF NEARBY PORTS NOT WITHIN THE DESIGNATED ECA)?

WILL THE LOW-SULFUR FUEL THAT MEETS THE ECA REQUIREMENTS BE AVAILABLE WHEN THE U.S. ECA GOES INTO FORCE? WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE FUEL IS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIME?

WHAT ARE THE PROJECTED HEALTH BENEFITS FROM A U.S. ECA DESIGNATION? PROJECTED ECONOMIC BENEFITS? HOW DO THESE OUTWEIGH THE DIFFERENTIAL FUEL COSTS?

HOW WOULD A U.S. ECA BE IMPLEMENTED AND ENFORCED UNDER U.S. LAW?

HOW DOES AN ECA FIT INTO EPA'S CLEAN AIR ACT PROGRAM?

Chapter 5 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION ADOPTS PROGRAM TO CONTROL AIR EMISSIONS FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS

WHAT DID THE IMO DO?

WHAT SHIPS ARE AFFECTED?

HOW DO OCEANGOING VESSELS HARM U.S. AIR QUALITY?

WHAT WILL THIS PROGRAM MEAN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT?

WHY IS THE IMO PROCESS IMPORTANT?

WHAT ARE THE NEW STANDARDS?

HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO EPA'S RECENT ADVANCE NOTICE ON REDUCING POLLUTION FROM OCEANGOING VESSELS?

Chapter 6 PROPOSAL TO DESIGNATE ON EMISSION CONTROL AREA FOR NITROGEN OXIDES, SULPHUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATE MATTER

SUMMARY OF PROPOSAL

Populations and Areas at Risk

Contributions from Ships to Adverse Impacts

Description of Area

Ship Traffic and Meteorological Conditions

Land-Based Emissions Controls

Estimated Costs

ACTION REQUESTED

ANNEX 1. INFORMATION RESPONDING TO THE CRITERIA IN APPENDIX III TO ANNEX VI

1. Introduction

1.1. Countries Submitting this ECA Proposal

1.2. Criteria for Designation of an Emission Control Area

2. Description of Area Proposed for ECA Designation

2.1. Proposed Area of Application

2.2. Types of Emissions Proposed for Control

2.2.1. SOX and PM

2.2.2. NOX.

2.2.3. Other Forms of Pollutants

2.3. Populations and Areas at Risk from Exposure to Ship Emissions

2.4. Conclusion

3. CONTRIBUTION OF SHIPS TO AIR POLLUTION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

3.1. Synopsis of the Assessment

3.2. U.S. and Canadian Emissions Inventory Summary

3.2.1. Emissions Inventory Modelling and Inputs for 2020 Current Performance Scenario

3.2.2. Emissions Inventory Development for 2020 ECA Performance Scenario

3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Quality

3.3.1. Overview of Air Quality Modelling

3.3.2. Ships' Contribution to Ambient PM2.5 and Ozone Air Pollution in the U.S.

3.3.2.1. PM2.5 Contribution

3.3.2.2. Ozone Contribution

3.3.3. Ships' Contribution to Ambient Air Pollution in Canada

3.3.4. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in the U.S. with the ECA

3.3.5. Improvement of Ambient Air Quality in Canada with the ECA

3.3.6. Conclusions

4. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Human Health

4.1. Health Effects Related to Exposure to Air Pollutants

4.1.1. Nature of PM Health Effects

4.1.2. Nature of Ozone Health Effects

4.2. Quantified Human Health Impacts from Exposure to Ship Emissions

4.2.1. U.S. Human Health Impacts

4.2.2. Canadian Human Health Impacts

4.3. Conclusion

5. Impact of Emissions from Ships on Ecosystems

5.1. Overview of Deposition Resulting from Ship NOX, SOX and PM Emissions

5.1.1. Environmental and Ecosystem Impacts and Areas at Risk

5.1.2. U.S. Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition

5.1.3. Canadian Modelling Results for Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition

5.1.4. Exceedances of Ecosystem Critical Deposition Loads in Canada Resulting from Ship Emissions

5.2. Impacts Associated with Deposition of PM2.5 and Air Toxics

5.3. U.S. Visibility Impacts

5.4. Ozone Impacts on Forest Health

5.5. Conclusion.

6. ROLE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN INFLUENCING AIR POLLUTION.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61324-172-0

OCLC:

730515029