Biochemical engineering / Fabian E. Dumont and Jack A. Sacco, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Dumont, Fabian E.

Sacco, Jack A.

Series:

Biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine series.

Biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biochemical engineering.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (376 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Biochemical engineering is the application of engineering principles to conceive, design, develop, operate, and/or use processes and products based on biological and biochemical phenomena. Biochemical engineering influences a broad range of industries, including health care, agriculture, food, enzymes, chemicals, waste treatment, and energy, among others. Historically, biochemical engineering has been distinguished from biomedical engineering by its emphasis on biochemistry and microbiology and by the lack of a health care focus. This is no longer the case. There is increasing participation of biochemical engineers in the direct development of pharmaceuticals and other therapeutic products. Biochemical engineering has been central to the development of the biotechnology industry, given the need to generate prospective products on scales sufficient for testing, regulatory evaluation, and subsequent sale. This book begins with a review of biodiesel processing technology, the use of varied biodiesel in diesel engines and an analysis of economic scale and ecological impact of biodiesel fuel. Other areas of research include the application of biochemical engineering in the fishery industry, algae growth, and waste water management.

Contents:

Intro

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 A REVIEW OF BIODIESEL AS RENEWABLE ENERGY

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Benefits of Biodiesel: Economics

1.2. Benefits of Biodiesel: Politics

1.3. Benefits of Biodiesel: Environment

1.4. Challenges with Biodiesel

2. Biodiesel Production

2.1. Biodiesel Reaction Chemistry

2.2. Rate Law

2.2. Reaction Temperature

2.3. Improving Miscibility

2.4. Alcohol Reagent

2.5. Catalyst

Acid Catalysis

Base Catalysis

Heterogeneous Base Catalysts

Solid Super Base

Solid Catalyst

Enzymes

3. Selection of Feedstock

3.1. Fatty Acid Content

3.2. Viscosity

3.3. Flash Point

3.4. Cold Flow Properties: Cloud Point and Pour Point

3.5. Chain Length and Degree of Saturation

3.6. Cetane Number

3.7. Energy Content

4. Manufacturing Art

Post-Reaction Processing

Biodiesel Quality Control

5. Economic Evaluation

5.1. Economic Variables

5.2. Raw Material Price

5.3. Glycerol (Glycerine) Content

5.4. Energy Requirements

5.5. Capital Costs

5.6. Selling Cost

6. Environmental Protection

7. Conclusion

Reference

Chapter 2 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF ACYL ASCORBATE AND ITS FUNCTION AS A FOOD ADDITIVE

Introduction

1. Optimal Conditions for Enzymatic Synthesis of Acyl Ascorbate in a Batch Reaction

2. Continuous Production of Acyl Ascorbate Using a CSTR or PFR

3. Solubility of Acyl Ascorbate in Water and Oil

4. Stability of Acyl Ascorbate in an Aqueous Solution and Air

5. Emulsifier Property of Acyl Ascorbate

6. Antioxidative Ability of Acyl Ascorbate against a Lipid in a Bulk System

7. Application of Acyl Ascorbate for Microencapsulation of a Lipid

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References.

Chapter 3APPLICATION OF A NATURAL BIOPOLYMERPOLY (γ-GLUTAMIC ACID) AS A BIOFLOCCULANTAND ADSORBENT FOR CATIONIC DYES ANDCHEMICAL MUTAGENS: AN OVERVIEW

2. Biosynthesis and Physico-chemical Properties of γ-PGA

2.1. Biosynthesis

2.2. Physico-chemical Properties

2.3. Structural Characteristics

3. γ-PGA as a Bioflocculant

3.1. Assay of Flocculation Activity and Flocculation Rate

3.2. Effect of γ-PGA Concentration and Molecular Weight

3.3. Effect of Added Metal Cations and pH

3.4. Effect of Temperature

3.5. Effect of Various Inorganic and Organic Suspensions

3.6. Effect of Crosslinking Poly(γ-glutamic Acid)

3.7. Mechanism of Flocculation

4. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Cationic Dyes

4.1. Adsorption Kinetics

4.1.1. Boyd's Ion Exchange Model

4.1.2. Mass Transport Mechanism

4.2. Adsorption Isotherms

4.3. Effect of Temperature

4.4. γ-PGA Dose-activity Relationship

4.5. Effect of pH

4.6. Effect of Electrolytes

4.7. Recovery of Adsorbed Dyes

4.8. Infra-Red (IR) Spectra of Untreated and Dye-treated γ-PGA

5. γ-PGA as an Adsorbent of Chemical Mutagens

5.1. Binding of Mutagenic Heterocyclic Amines at Gastrointestinal pH

5.2. Suppressive Effect on SOS Response of Salmonella typhimurium Inducedby Chemical Mutagens

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 4MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMERSIN BIOMACROMOLECULES RECOGNITION

2. Molecular Imprinting in Aqueous Media

3. Surface Imprinting

4. Epitope Approach: A Small Structural Element forthe Whole Molecule Recognition

5. Mechanism of the Molecular Imprinting and Recognition

Acknowledgement

Chapter 5UNCOUPLED ENERGY METABOLISM FOR SLUDGEREDUCTION IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Introduction.

2. Strategies for Minimizing Biomass Production

2.1. Lysis-cryptic Growth

2.2. Bacteriovoric Metabolism

2.3. Maintenance Metabolism

2.4. Uncoupled Energy Metabolism

3. Uncoupled Energy Metabolism

3.1. Mechanism of Energy Coupling

1.The Chemical Coupling Hypothesis

2. The Conformational Coupling Hypothesis

3. The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

3.2. Mechanism of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. The Presence of Excess Carbon Source and Limited Nutrients

2. At Unfavorable Temperatures

3. The Presence of Inhibitory Compounds

3.3. Application of Uncoupling of Oxidative Phosphorylation

3.4. Modeling of Uncoupled Energy Metabolism

3.5. Molecular Analyses

Chapter 6MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN THE FISHERYINDUSTRY - A STATE OF THE ART

2. Fundamentals of Pressure-Driven Membrane Process

3. Application of Pressure- Driven Membrane Processin the Fishery Industry

3.1. Microfiltration

3.2. Ultrafiltration

3.3. Reverse Osmosis

3.4. Nanofiltration

4. Summary

Chapter 7AMYLASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS ORYZAEIN SUBMERGED AND SOLID STATE FERMENTATIONS

Materials and Methods

Microorganism

Inoculum Preparation

Submerged Fermentations

Assay of Amylase Activity

Effect of Temperature and pH on Amylase Activity

Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

Optimization of Process Parameters in SSF

Extraction of the Enzyme

Results and Discussion

Amylases Production in Food Wastes Supplemented with Starch

Effect of pH and Temperature on the Stability of Enzymes

Optimization of TAA Production in Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

Conclusions

Chapter 8MAMMALIAN CELL ENCLOSING CAPSULESAND FIBER PRODUCTION IN A CO-FLOWINGAMBIENT LIQUID STREAM

Droplets Production via Jetting Process

Cell Encapsulation in Microcapsules

Agarose Microcapsules

Alginate-agarose Composite and Agarose-Gelatin Conjugate Microcapsules

Enzymatically-crosslinked Alginate Microcapsules

Cell Encapsulation in Ca-alginate Gel Fibers

Chapter 9EFFECT OF SHEAR STRESS ON WASTEWATERTREATMENT SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

Shear Stress and Mass Transfer Coefficients

Impact Stress

Hydraulic Stress Generated by Gas

Hydraulic Stress Generated by Liquid

Chapter 10THE ROLE OF BIOFILM AND FLOC STRUCTUREIN BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTMODELLING

Monod Kinetics

Fick's Laws of Diffusion

The Role of Floc Structure in Activated Sludge Modelling

The Role of Biofilm Structure in Biofilm Modelling

Problems and Current Trends in Activated Sludge and BiofilmModelling

Chapter 11INTERACTION OF CR (VI) WITH GREENMICROALGAE GROWTH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2. Modelling

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Microalgae

3.2. Growth Medium

3.3. Cr(VI) Solutions

3.4. Analytical Techniques

3.5. Experimental Procedures

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Experiments under the Same Initial pH Value (T = 24.6 oC, pH = 6.5)

4.2. Experiments with Different Initial pH Values (T = 20.8 oC, pH = 6.5 andpH = 7.9)

4.2.1. Effect of pH

4.2.2. Temperature Influence

4.3. Effect of Cr(VI) on Growth Kinetics

4.4. Effect of Cr(VI) on Metabolites Production

4.5. Effect of Cr(VI) on Biomass Settling

5. Conclusions

Chapter 12SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE ADDITIONON NITRIFICATION AND ACTIVATED SLUDGESETTLEMENT IN SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS

1. Introduction.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Nitrification Enrichment

2.2. Analytical Methods

3. Results

3.1. Short-term Dynamics of Various Nitrogen Forms in the Two SBRs

3.2. Typical Cycle Study in the Two SBRs

3.3. Short-term Dynamics of Biomass Concentration in the Two SBRs

3.4. Morphology and Extracellular polymeric Substances of ActivatedSludge Flocs

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of the Glucose Addition on the Activity of Nitrification

4.1.1. Effect of Carbon Substrates

4.1.2. Effect of Microbial Distribution

4.1.3. Effect of SRT

4.2. Nitrite Accumulation Analysis

4.3. Effect of Glucose Addition on the Settlement of Activated Sludge Flocs

5. Conclusion

Chapter 13ACACIA CAVEN (MOL.) MOLINA POLLENPROTEASES. APPLICATION TO THE PEPTIDESYNTHESIS AND TO LAUNDRY DETERGENTS

Plant Material

Elution of the Enzyme from the Pollen Wall

Chemical Reagents

Proteolytic Activity Assays

Effect of ph and Temperature on Proteolytic Activity

Thermostability of Acacia Caven Crude Extract

Effect of Surfactants on the Proteolytic Activity of Acacia Caven CrudeExtract

Effect of Commercial Detergent on the Proteolityc Activity of Acacia CavenCrude Extract

Enzymatic Synthesis Reaction Conditions

Analytical Control of Enzymatic Synthesis

RP-HPLC

HPLC-MS

Chapter 14DEACTIVATION AND REJUVENATIONOF PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATING ORGANISMSIN THE PARALLEL AN/AO PROCESS

2 Materials and Methods

2.1. The Parallel AN/AO Process

2.2. Anaerobic-anoxic SBR Reactors

2.3. Wastewater and Analysis

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. PAO Deactivation

3.1.1. PAO Deactivation in Parallel AN/AO Reactors

3.1.2. PAO Deactivation in SBR Reactors.

3.2. PAO Rejuvenation.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-149-2

OCLC:

923662970