Values, expectations, ad hoc rules, and culture emergence in international cross-cultural management contexts / Xiabo Zhang.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Zhang, Xibao.

Series:

Focus on civilizations and cultures.

Focus on civilizations and cultures series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

International business enterprises--Management--Cross-cultural studies.

International business enterprises.

Management--Cross-cultural studies.

Management.

Management--Social aspects--China.

Corporate culture--Cross-cultural studies.

Corporate culture.

Corporate culture--China.

Culture.

Industrial sociology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (234 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Is culture fixed and immutable, or is it emergent and changing? This is a question that has taken on growing importance in light of the culturally diverse and dynamic workplace realities that have resulted from increasing globalization. It is also a topic that is in hot debate in international cross-cultural management (ICCM) research, in management and organization studies in general, and in other disciplines. This book moves beyond the conventional dichotomous thinking of viewing culture either as fixed and immutable or dynamic and "in the making", and aims to develop a conceptualization of culture that includes both a stable and a changing element.This book is based on empirical research on culture emergence in Sino-Western international cross-cultural management (SW-ICCM) contexts in China. Data have been collected by semi-structured interviews of Chinese and Western expatriates working in SW-ICCM contexts in China. Data analysis has led to the formulation of a grounded theory that views culture as comprising three cognitive components, Values, Expectations, and Ad Hoc Rules, which differ in time-space in their mutual shaping with behavior, ranging from the enduring/universal, to the intermediate/context-specific, to the temporal/occasion-specific.

Contents:

Intro

VALUES, EXPECTATIONS, AD HOCRULES, AND CULTURE EMERGENCE ININTERNATIONAL CROSS-CULTURALMANAGEMENT CONTEXTS

CONTENTS

PROLOGUE

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF CHINESE TERMS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.4. SCOPE

1.5. RATIONALE

1.5.1. The Trend of Globalization

1.5.2. The Need for a New Conceptualization of Culture

1.5.3. The Need for Conducting Culture Research in the Chinese Context

1.6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHOD

1.6.1. Research Methodology

1.6.2. Research Method

1.7. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1.8. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

LITERATURE REVIEW: THECONCEPTUALIZATION OF CULTURE

2.1. TRADITIONAL CONCEPTUALIZATIONS

2.1.1. The Concept of Culture

2.1.2. Early Scientific Definitions

2.1.1.1. Values as a Central Element

2.1.2.2. A Review of the Most Frequently Cited Early Definitions

2.2. VALUES-CENTERED DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE IN EARLYMANAGEMENT LITERATURE

2.2.1. The Centrality of Values

2.2.2. Other Elements of Culture

2.2.3. Level of Analysis

2.3. CULTURE IN INTERNATIONAL CROSS-CULTURALMANAGEMENT RESEARCH

2.3.1. The Cross-National Comparison Stream

2.3.1.1. Hofstede's Works

2.3.1.2. The GLOBE Project

2.3.1.3. Limitations of this Stream

2.3.2. The Intercultural Interaction Stream

2.3.2.1. Research on Organizational Culture

2.3.2.2. The Interpretive Paradigm

2.3.2.3. Application of Anthropological Theory and Methodology

2.3.2.4. Intercultural Communication

2.3.2.5. Major Characteristics of the Intercultural Interaction Stream

2.3.3. The Multiple Cultures Stream

2.4. THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CONCEPTUALIZATIONSOF CULTURE

2.4.1. Anthropology

2.4.2. Sociology

2.5. CONCLUSION

TOWARDS A DIALECTICCONCEPTUALIZATION OF CULTURE.

3.1. RECENT DYNAMICS- AND PROCESS-ORIENTEDCONCEPTUALIZATIONS

3.1.1. The Ecocultural Framework

3.1.2. The Cultural Evolution Theory of the Firm

3.1.3. The Dynamic Multi-Level Model of Culture

3.2. ANCIENT CHINESE PHILOSOPHY

3.2.1. Overview of Ancient Chinese Philosophy

3.2.2. Key Principles of Ancient Chinese Philosophy

3.2.2.1. The Embodiment of Reason in Experience

3.2.2.2. Epistemological-Pragmatic Unity

3.2.2.3. Part-Whole Interdetermination

3.2.2.4. Yin-Yang Dialectic Transformation

3.2.3. Applications of Chinese Philosophy to Management Research

3.3. TOWARDS A DIALECTIC CONCEPTUALIZATION OF CULTURE

3.3.1. Three Fundamental Premises

3.3.1.1. Premise I: Collective Nature

3.3.1.2. Premise II: Inseparability from Behavior

3.3.1.3. Premise III: Momentum to "Drift"

3.3.2. Culture as a Dialectic Process of Interaction and MutualTransformation

3.3.2.1. Culture as a Process of Human Interaction

3.3.2.2. Culture as a Dialectic Process of Mutual Transformation

3.3.3. Theoretical and Methodological Implications

3.3.3.1. Theoretical Implications

3.3.3.2. Methodological Implications

3.4. CONCLUSION

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHOD

4.1. THE OVERALL METHODOLOGICALORIENTATION OF THIS STUDY

4.1.1. Cross Cultural Research Issues

4.1.2. The Methodological Implications of the Dialectic ProcessualPerspective on Culture

4.1.3. Characterizing the Research Methodology of this Study

4.1.3.1. Purpose of Research-Descriptive

4.1.3.2. Philosophical Orientation-Interpretive

4.1.3.3. Methodology of Theory Building-Inductive

4.1.3.4. Nature of Data and Data Collection-Qualitative and Field

4.1.3.5. Use of Theory-Grounded

4.2. THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

4.2.1. The Main Questions

4.2.2. The Subsidiary Questions

4.3. THE CHOICE OF GROUNDED THEORY.

4.3.1. The Fit of Grounded Theory as a Research Method for This Study

4.3.2. An Overview of Grounded Theory

4.3.3. The Roles of Literature and Personal Experience in Grounded TheoryResearch

4.3.3.1. Literature

4.3.3.2. Researcher's Personal Experience

4.4. DATA COLLECTION

4.4.1. Semi-Structured Interviews of Chinese and Expatriates

4.4.1.1. The Semi-Structured Interview

4.4.1.2. The Interview Questions

4.4.1.3. Conducting the Interviews

4.4.2. Non-Participant Observation in the SW-ICCM Workplace

4.4.3. Documentary Data Sources on SW-ICCM Contexts

4.5. SAMPLING

4.5.1. General Considerations of Sampling for Qualitative-InterpretivistResearch

4.5.2. Purposeful Sampling and Theoretical Sampling

4.5.3. Factors Affecting Sample Size in Qualitative-Interpretivist Research

4.5.4. Sampling in this Study

4.5.4.1. Selective and Theoretical Sampling

4.5.4.2. The Informants

4.5.4.3. The Location

4.5.5. Sample Size Considerations in this Study

4.6. DATA CODING, ANALYSIS, AND THEORY FORMULATION

4.6.1. Data Coding and Analysis

4.6.1.1. Basic Analytic Techniques

4.6.1.2. Coding

4.6.1.3. Coding Results of this Study

4.6.2. Theory Formulation and Presentation

4.6.2.1. Substantive and Formal Theory

4.6.2.2. Theory Presentation

4.7. CREDIBILITY AND RELATED ISSUES

4.7.1. Credibility Issues in Qualitative-Interpretivist Research

4.7.1.1. Reliability

4.7.1.2. Validity

4.7.1.3. Neutrality

4.7.1.4. Generalizability

4.7.2. Credibility Issues in Grounded Theory Research

4.8. ETHICS CONSIDERATIONS

4.9. CONCLUSION

THEME I: PAY CONFIDENTIALITY

5.1. DIFFERENCES IN PAY CONFIDENTIALITY BETWEENCHINA AND THE WEST

5.1.1. The Chinese Perspective

5.1.2. The Expatriate Perspective

5.2. THE PATTERN OF PAY CONFIDENTIALITY IN SW-ICCMCONTEXTS IN CHINA.

5.2.1. A Hybrid, Split Pattern

5.2.2. The Influence of the Chinese Culture

5.2.3. Concern with Internal and External Equity

5.2.4. Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance

5.3. EMERGENCE OF THE PATTERN OF PAY CONFIDENTIALITY INSW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

5.3.1. The Chinese Perspective

5.3.2. The Expatriate Perspective

5.4. A FRAMEWORK OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE PAYCONFIDENTIALITY PATTERN IN SW-ICCMCONTEXTS IN CHINA

5.4.1. Further Discussion on the Hybrid, Split Pattern

5.4.2. A Proposed Processual Framework

5.5. CONCLUSION

THEME II: KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION SHARING

6.1. DIFFERENCES IN KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION SHARINGBETWEEN CHINA AND THE WEST

6.1.1. In-Groups and Private Knowledge/Information Sharing

6.1.2. Face-Saving and Private Knowledge/Information Sharing

6.2. THE PATTERN OF KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION SHARING IN SWICCMCONTEXTS IN CHINA

6.2.1. Open Sharing and no In-Groups

6.2.2. Open Sharing and In-Groups Coexisting

6.2.3. The In-Between Cases

6.3. EMERGENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION SHARINGPATTERN IN SW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

6.3.1. Difference Awareness

6.3.2. Action Formulation

6.3.3. Informant Experiences

6.4. A FRAMEWORK OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE KNOWLEDGE/INFORMATION SHARING PATTERN INSW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

6.4.1. A Static Representation

6.4.2. A Processual Representation

6.5. CONCLUSION

THEME III: STATUS DIFFERENTIATION

7.1. DIFFERENCES IN STATUS DIFFERENTIATION BETWEENCHINA AND THE WEST

7.1.1. The Chinese Perspective

7.1.2. The Expatriate Perspective

7.2. THE PATTERN OF STATUS DIFFERENTIATION INSW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

7.2.1. Superior-Subordinate Relationships

7.2.1.1. The General Situation on Status Differentiation

7.2.1.2. Form of Address

7.2.1.3. Chinese Informants' General Attitude toward Low Status Differentiation.

7.2.2. Peer Relationships

7.2.2.1. The General Situation on Status Differentiation

7.2.2.2. Form of Address

7.3. EMERGENCE OF THE STATUS DIFFERENTIATION PATTERN INSW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

7.3.1. The General Situation on Status Differentiation

7.3.2. Form of Address

7.4. A FRAMEWORK OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATUSDIFFERENTIATION PATTERN INSW-ICCM CONTEXTS IN CHINA

7.4.1. A Static Representation

7.4.2. A Processual Representation

7.5. CONCLUSION

THE FORMAL THEORY

8.1. THE FORMAL THEORY

8.1.1. A Static Representation

8.1.2. A Processual Representation

8.1.2.1. The Duality between Cognition and Behavior

8.1.2.2. The Multiple Elements of Cognitive State

8.1.2.3. Values

8.1.2.4. Expectations

8.1.2.5. Ad Hoc Rules

8.1.2.6. Unawareness, Awareness, Understanding, and Acceptance

8.1.2.7. Progressive Changes in Cognitive State

8.1.2.8. "Sketch Maps", Cultural Knowledgeability, and Cultural Knowing

8.2. FURTHER ELABORATIONS

8.2.1. Expectations and Ad Hoc Rules as "Shock Absorbers"

8.2.2. Culture as both Stable and Changing

8.2.2.1. The Two Camps and the Three Streams

8.2.2.2. Yin-Yang

8.2.3. The Boundary of Culture

8.2.3.1. Internal Consistency

8.2.3.2. Internally Inconsistent Culture

8.2.3.3. The "Age" of Culture

8.3. CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

9.1. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS STUDY

9.1.1. Recapitulation of the Formal Theory

9.1.2. Theoretical Contributions

9.1.2.1. The Duality between Stability and Change

9.1.2.2. The "Multi-Carriage Train" Perspective

9.1.2.3. Inclusiveness and the "Age" of Culture

9.1.3. Practical Implications

9.2. LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

9.2.1. Generalizability

9.2.2. The Need for Further Theoretical Refinement

9.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. THE YIN-YANG DIAGRAM.

APPENDIX B. CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF INPUTS TOTHEME DEVELOPMENT.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-61324-025-2

OCLC:

701718791