Horizons in earth science research Volume 4 / Benjamin Veress and Jozsi Szigethy, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Veress, Benjamin.

Szigethy, Jozsi.

Series:

Horizons in Earth Science Research

Horizons in earth science research series ; 4

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Range ecology.

Soil degradation.

Desertification.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (301 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This book presents and discusses research in the field of earth science, with a specific focus on the kryosphere and its relationship to the hydrosphere. Explored also are the shield volcanoes of the Siberian flood basalts and the dynamics of lava sheet formation, as well as the planetary conditions at the Hadean and Archean transition and the possible scenarios for the origin of life and oxygen genesis in the early earth atmosphere.

Contents:

Intro

HORIZONS IN EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH VOLUME 4

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 PLANETARY CONDITIONS AT THE HADEAN AND ARCHEAN TRANSITION: POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. HADEAN EARTH

II.1. Temporal Limits

II.2. Magma Ocean

II.3. Late Heavy Bombardment

II.4. Redox State of the Primitive Mantle

II.5. Primitive Lithosphere

II.6. Plate Tectonics and Mineral Evolution

III. GEOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF EARTH'S PRIMITIVE OUTER LAYERS

III.1. Introduction

III.2. The Young Faint Sun Paradox

III.3. The Earth's Early magnetosphere

III.4 Cosmic Rays and the Early Earth

III.5. Hydrosphere

III.6. Atmosphere

IV. THE CHEMICAL APPROACH TO THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

IV.1. The Heterotrophic Hypothesis

IV.2. Autotrophic Hypothesis

IV.3. Energy and Matter on Early Earth

IV.3.1. Energy Sources of Early Earth

UV Radiation

Thermal Energy

Hydrothermal Vents

Electric Discharges

Shock Energy

Radiation and Radioactivity

IV.3.2. Organic Matter Sources

Internal Sources

External Sources

Comets

Meteorites

IDPs

IV.4. Stability of Organic Compounds in the Primitive Earth

IV.5. Chemical Components in Contemporary Life

IV.6. Prebiotic Chemistry

IV.6.1. The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis

IV.6.2. Simulated Experiments

Synthesis of Monomers

Abiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids

Mildly Reducing and Non-Reducing Atmospheres

Abiotic Synthesis of Carbohydrates

The Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents

Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Polymerization Reactions

Template Polymerization

IV.6.3. RNA World

IV.6.4. Thioester World

IV.6.5. Pre-Rna World

IV.6.6. Clay Theory

IV.6.7. Thermal Vents

IV.7. The Optical Activity Problem

IV.8. Remarks.

V. PRE-CELLULAR SYSTEMS AND FIRST ORGANISMS

V.1. Earliest Fossils and Paleontology

VI. DISCUSSION

Reflections about the Importance of Different Energy Sources

When and Where Life Originated on Earth?

ACNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 SHIELD VOLCANOES OF SIBERIAN FLOOD BASALTS: DYNAMICS OF LAVA SHEETS FORMATION

INTRODUCTION

1. GEOLOGIC-TECTONIC AERIALS OF PERMIAN-TRIASSIC SP TRAPS

2. CYCLICITY OF EFFUSIVE PROCESSES DURING THE FORMATION OF TUFF-LAVA SP TRAPS

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE DIGITAL ANALYSIS FOR CYCLICITY OF EFFUSIVE PROCESSES IN TIME SERIES OF VOLCANIC EVENTS

4. INITIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF PETROGENIC ELEMENTS IN SP LAVA PROFILES

5. PETROCHEMICAL PERIODICITY OF LAVA PROFILES FORMATION FOR THE MULDES OF THE NORILSK REGION

6. HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS OF FEEDING OF FISSURE VOLCANOES FOR PERMIAN-TRIASSIC SP TRAPS DURING THE FORMATION OF ANOMALOUSLY THICK LAVA SHEETS

7. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE FORMATION OF ANOMALOUSLY THICK TS LAVA COVERS

8. KINETICS OF VITRIFICATION OF BASIC MELTS DURING COOLING OF LAVA FLOWS, THIN DYKES AND SILLS

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 3 P CYCLING AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN WELL DRAINED AND FLOODED VENEZUELAN SAVANNAS

P CYCLING AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN WELL DRAINED SAVANNAS

General Remarks

Study site

Soils and vegetation

Main P inputs

Main P outputs

Losses by Fires

Losses by Leaching

Phosphorus in the Plant-Soil System

Soil P Forms

Plant Production

P uptake and storage in vegetation

P Released by Decomposition Processes

P Microbial Forms

Soil Fauna

Phosphorus Budget

P CYCLING AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN FLOODED SAVANNAS

Main outputs

Soluble P forms

Particulate P forms.

Losses through wading birds

PHOSPHORUS IN THE PLANT-SOIL SYSTEM

Forms of Soil P in Flooded Savanna

Primary Production in Flooded Savannas

P uptake and storage in the vegetation

Decomposition and P release

P microbial forms

P recirculation by earthworms and termites

Phosphorus budget in flooded savannas

CONCLUSION

Chapter 4 STRATEGY FOR LAVA FLOW DISASTER MITIGATION: IMPLICATIONS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

LAVA FLOW SIMULATON PROGRAM: LAVASIM

CASE STUDY: LAVA FLOW AT SAKURAJIMA VOLCANO, JAPAN

History of Sakurajima Volcano Lava Flow

Normal Simulation

First Trial: Artificial Barrier

Second Trial: Water-Cooling Pool

Third Trial: Guiding Duct in the Upstream

Fourth Trial: Long Barriers Guiding Toward the Seashore

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 5 KRYOSPHERE - HYDROSPHERE RELATIONSHIP

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SPATIAL UNIFORMITARIANISM

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1. Hydrosphere

3.2. Kryosphere

3.3. Water

3.4. Ice

3.5. Permafrost

4. THE DISCUSSION OF TERMS AND THEIR SCOPE

4.1. Hydrosphere

4.2. Kryosphere

4.3. Water

4.4. Ice

4.5. Permafrost

5. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE KRYOSPHERE COMPONENTS

5.1. The Occurrence of Ice on the Earth

5.1.1. Ice Sheets and Ice Caps

5.1.2. Mountain Glaciers

5.1.3. Sea Ice

5.1.4. Snow

5.2. Permafrost Occurrence on the Earth

6. TWO KEY PROCESSES

6.1. Movement in the Hydrosphere and Kryosphere - Or What Can Flow?

6.2. Solidification

7. THE PHENOMENON OF ANTARCTICA

Chapter 6 SAVANAGUA: A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT COMPETITION MODELING OF SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS

2. THE SAVANAGUA MODEL

3. FIELD METHODS

4. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS

4.1. Matrix Equation.

4.2. Calculating The Transition Matrix

4.3. Maximum Transpiration Per Plant

4.4. Mathematical Convolution for the Roots

5. SOIL HUMIDITY

5.1. Rain Generator

5.2. General Equation for Soil Humidity

5.3. Infiltration Rate

5.4. Loss of Soil Water

6. SHOOT DYNAMICS

7. RESULTS

8. DISCUSSION

SUMMARY OF MODEL PARAMETERS

APPENDIX 1. CALCULATION OF THE TRANSITION MATRIX FOR PLANTS WITH BRANCHES

APPENDIX 2. MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION OF CONVOLUTION

Chapter 7 THE HIDDEN VALUE OF WATER FLOWS: THE CHEMICAL EXERGY OF RIVERS

NOMENCLATURE

SUBSCRIPTS

2. THERMOECONOMIC BASIS

2.1. Water Plant Approach

2.1.1. Potential Exergy Device or Conventional Dam

2.1.2. Chemical Exergy Device (CED)

2.1.3. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)

2.2. Whole River Approach

2.2.1. Pro-Energy River Approach

2.2.2. Anti-Energy River Approach

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Exergy Value of a Water Flow

3.1.1. Potential Exergy Component

3.1.2. Chemical Exergy Component

4. CASE STUDY

4.1. Results. Exergy Value of La Muga River

Chapter 8 THE CHEMISTRY OF PRECIPITATION AND GROUNDWATER IN A COASTAL PINUS PINEA FOREST (CASTEL FUSANO AREA, CENTRAL ITALY) AND ITS RELATION TO STAND AND CANOPY STRUCTURE

STUDY AREA

Castel Fusano Forest

Climate

Hydrogeological Setting

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field Sampling

Laboratory Analysis

RESULTS

Chloride and Sodium Contents of Throughfall and Stemflow

Chloride and Sodium Contents of Groundwater

Chapter 9 THERMAL ENHANCEMENT OF RADON EMISSION FROM GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. IMPLICATIONS FOR LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON ROCKSUNDER INCREASING DEFORMATION

ABSTRACT.

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE

The Effect Of Exhalation Temperature On 222Rn And 220Rn Emission

The Effect of Ambient Temperature on Detection Efficiency

THE USE OF THERMAL ENHANCEMENT FOR UNRAVELLING RADON EMISSION FROM ROCKS UNDER INCREASING DEFORMATION

Chapter 10 OXYGEN GENESIS IN THE EARLY EARTH ATMOSPHERE

2. ABIOGENIC ORIGIN OF OXYGEN

2.1. Desilicification and Formation of BIF

2.2. Reduction of Magnetite (Fe3O4):

2.3. Reduction of Hematite (Fe2O3) if Present:

2.4. Generation of Oxygen by Atmospheric Means:

3. FORMATION OF STROMATOLITES WITHOUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS INVOLVEMENT

4. DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ADDENDUM FOR CLARIFICATION

Chapter 11 WILL EUROPEAN SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS ON BIOENERGY BE EFFECTIVE TO PROTECT SAVANNAS?

SUSTAINABILITY CRITERIA OF THE RED AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS TO PROTECT SAVANNAS

Land of High Biodiversity Value

Will Requirements Regarding Land of High Biodiversity Value Protect Savannas?

Land of High Carbon Stock

Will Requirements Regarding Land of High Carbon Stock Protect Savannas?

Greenhouse Gas Savings

Will Required GHG Savings Protect Savannas?

SUMMARY

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-61209-488-0

OCLC:

928193864