Principles of free radical biomedicine Volume I / Kostas Pantopoulos and Hyman M. Schipper, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Pantopoulos, Kostas.

Schipper, Hyman M.

Series:

Biochemistry research trends series.

Biochemistry research trends

Principles of free radical biomedicine, 2159-9343 ; v. 1

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Free radicals (Chemistry).

Free radical reactions.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (330 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Biomedical Books, 2012.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Recent years have witnessed an avalanche of new knowledge implicating free radicals in virtually every aspect of biology and medicine. It is now axiomatic that the regulated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to organismal health and well-being and that ROS serve as signalling molecules involved in cell growth, differentiation, gene regulation, replicative senescence and apoptosis. This book is an interdisciplinary text broken up into three consecutive volumes on the biochemistry and cellular/molecular biology of free radicals, transition metals, oxidants and antioxidants, and the role of oxidative stress in human health and disease.

Contents:

Intro

PRINCIPLES OF FREE RADICAL BIOMEDICINE

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

The Evolution of Oxidative Stress

1. Introduction

2. The Origin and Significance of Chemiosmotic Coupling

3. The Origin and Consequences of an Oxygen Atmosphere

4. Oxidative Stress and the Chimeric Origin of Eukaryotes

5. Why Oxidative Stress Is Central to the Evolution of Eukaryotes

References

Oxygen Radicals and Related Species

1. Introduction : Oxygen and its Metabolites Imprinted the Evolution of Life

2. Molecular Oxygen, a Sluggish Oxidant

3. Producer of Reactive Species

3. Free Radicals in Biology: An Historical Account

4. Oxygen Radicals and Related Species: General Aspects of the Reactivity of One- and Two-electron Oxidants

5. Chemistry of Biologically Relevant Oxygen-Derived Radicals

5.1. Superoxide (O2●-) and Hydroperoxyl (HO2●-) Radical

5.2. Hydroxyl Radical (HO●)

5.3. Carbonate Radical (CO3●-)

5.4. Peroxyl(ROO●) and Alkoxyl (RO●) Radicals

6. Chemistry of Biologically Relevant Non-radical Oxygen Species

6.1. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

6.2. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and Related Species

6.3. Singlet Molecular Oxygen (1O2)

6.4. Organic Hydroperoxides from Biomolecules

6.5. Ozone (O3)

Conclusions

Nitric Oxide and Derived Oxidants

Introduction

2. Chemistry of Nitric Oxide and Related Nitrogen Species

3. Nitric Oxide

3.1. Formation and Signaling Actions

3.2. Chemical and Physico-chemical Properties of Nitric Oxide

3.3. Reaction Chemistry

4. Nitrogen Dioxide

4.1. Formation

4.2. Chemical Properties

4.3. Reaction Chemistry

5. Peroxynitrite

5.1. Formation

5.2. Chemical Properties

5.3. Reaction Chemistry

6. Nitrite and Nitrate.

7. Dinitrogen Trioxide and Dinitrogen Tetraoxide

8. Nitryl Chloride

9. Diffusion of Reactive Nitrogen Species in Biological Systems

10. Reactivity of Nitric Oxide and Derived Oxidants with Selected Biomolecules

10.1. Metal Centers: Nitrosylation and Redox Reactions

10.2. Thiols: S-nitrosylation and Oxidation Reactions

10.3. Tyrosine: Nitration and other Oxidation Reactions

10.4. Reaction of Reactive Nitrogen Species with other Amino Acids

10.5. Lipids

10.6. Sugars

10.7. Nitrogen Bases

10.8. Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants

Sulfur-centered Radicals

2. Formation of Thiyl and Perthiyl Radicals

3. Reactions of Thiyl Radicals

4. Reactions of Perthiyl Radicals

5. Formation of Met Radical Cations

6. Reactions of Met Radical Cations

Acknowledgment

Redox-Active Metals: Iron and Copper

2. Redox Active Iron and Copper In Vivo

3. Biological Oxidants

4. Redox Chemistry and Biochemistry of Iron: The Historical Context

5. Biological Relevance of the Fenton Reaction

6. Cautionary Remarks

Protein Oxidation

1. Introduction: Why does Protein Damage Matter?

2. How does Damage Occur?

3. Chemistry of Protein Oxidation

3.1. Backbone Damage

3.2. Aliphatic Residues

3.3. Carbonylated Proteins

3.4. Oxidation of Sulfur Centers

3.5. Oxidation of Aromatic Residues

4. Oxidative Modifications of Amino Acid Residues due to RNS

4.1. 3-Nitrotyrosine

5. Reactions of Relevant Oxidants

5.1. Hydroxyl Radical

5.2. Superoxide Anion Radical and Hydrogen Peroxide

5.3. Hypochlorite

5.4. Chloramines

6. Protein Aggregation due to Oxidation

7. Repair of Protein Damage

7.1. Methione Sulfoxide Reductase.

7.2. Thioredoxin/thioredoxin Reductase System

7.3. Protein Disulfide Isomerase

8. Degradation of Oxidatively Damaged Proteins

8.1. The Proteasomal System

8.2. The Lysosomal System

9. Detection of Protein Damage

9.1. Protein Carbonyls

9.2. Protein Thiol Groups

9.3. Protein-bound Nitrotyrosine

Lipid Peroxidation

Abbreviations

2. Origin and Physiological Role of PUFAs

3. Lipid Peroxidation in Cellular Membranes

4. Mechanisms of Lipid Peroxidation

5. Enzymatic Lipid Peroxidation by Lipoxygenases

6. Non-enzymatic Lipid Peroxidation

7. Peroxidation Products of Membrane Phospholipids

8. Generation of Oxidized Phospholipids by Lipid Peroxidation

9. Generation of Hydroxy-alkenals by Lipid Peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs

10. Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation: Isoprostanes, Isofurans and Neuroprostanes

11. Analytical Methods for Studying Lipid Peroxidation in Membranes

12. Covalent Modification of Proteins and Amino-phospholipids by Lipid Peroxidation Products

13. Damage of Cellular Membranes by Lipid Peroxidation

14. In Vivo Reactivity of Hydroxy-Alkenals

15. 4-HNE Regulates Mitochondrial Uncoupling

16. Hydroxy-alkenals as Second Messengers

Lipid Nitration

2. Nitration of Biomolecules

3. Biological Aspects and Distribution of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

4. Nitration Chemistry in Hydrophobic Compartments

5. Mechanisms of Fatty Acid nitration

5.1. Nitric Oxide-dependent Mechanisms

5.2. Nitrogen Dioxide-dependent Mechanisms

5.3. Peroxynitrite-dependent Mechanisms

6. Biochemical Characterization of Nitro-fatty Acids

7. Biological Stability of Nitro-fatty Acids: NO-donor Properties and Post-translational Modification of Proteins.

8. Metabolic Fate of Nitro-fatty Acids

9. Cell Signaling and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Nitrated Lipids

9.1. Inhibition of Inflammatory Cell Function

9.2. Modulation of Transcription Factors

10. In Vivo Detection of Nitrosyl-fatty Acids: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Potential Pitfalls

DNA Oxidation

2. Oxidation of DNA Components by Free Radicals: Mechanistic Aspects of Formation of Single Lesions

2.1. One Electron and HO-mediated Formation of DNA Lesions

2.2. Thymine

2.3. Cytosine

2.4. Guanine

2.5. Adenine

2.6. Singlet Oxygen-mediated DNA Oxidation

3. Complex DNA Lesions Generated by a Single Oxidation Event

3.1. DNA-protein Cross-links

3.2. Complex Lesions Arising from Sugar Oxidation

3.3. Tandem DNA Lesions

4. Method for Measuring Oxidative DNA Lesions in Cells

4.1. Direct Approaches

4.2. Indirect Approaches

Methods of Investigation of Selected Radical Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Cell-free and Cellular Systems

2. General Principles of the Detection of Free Radicals in Chemical and Biological Systems

2.1. Methods of Investigation of Free Radicals

2.2. Probes for Free Radical Detection

Spectrophotometric Probes

Chemiluminescent Probes

Fluorogenic Probes

EPR Spin Traps and Probes

The Properties of the Ideal Probe

Reactivity of the Intermediates of the Reaction between the Probe and Radical R

2.3. Radical Footprints

2.4. Scavengers and Inhibitors

3. Methods of Generation and Detection of Selected Free Radicals

3.1. General Considerations

3.1.1. Methods of Free Radical Generation

3.1.1.1. Pulse Methods

Pulse Radiolysis

Laser Flash Photolysis

Stopped Flow

3.1.1.2. Steady-state Methods.

a) Chemical (thermal) Generation of the Radicals

b) Enzymatic Generation of the Radicals

c) Radiation-chemical and Photolytic Generation

3.1.2. Principles of the Analytical Methods of Radical Detection

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)

UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

3.2. Superoxide Radical Anion (O2-)

3.2.1. Physicochemical Properties

3.2.2. Generation

3.2.2.1. Cell-free Systems

Solutions of O2- in Aprotic Solvents

Thermal Sources of Superoxide

Radiolytic Generation of Superoxide

Enzymatic Generation of Superoxide

3.2.2.2. Cellular Systems

3.2.3. Detection

Ferricytochrome C Assay

EPR Spin-trapping

Measurement of Intracellular O2- Production

Hydroethidine Assay

Aconitase Inactivation Assay

Other Assays for Intracellular Superoxide

3.2.4. Inhibitors of O2- Production and O2- Scavengers

3.3. Nitric Oxide (NO)

3.3.1. Physicochemical Properties

3.3.2. Generation

3.3.2.1. Cell-free Systems

3.3.2.2. Biological Systems

3.3.3. Detection

3.3.3.1. Cell-free Systems

Electrochemical Detection

Chemiluminescence Detection

Oxyhemoglobin Assay

Assays Based on Fluorescent Aromatic Triazole Formation

Griess Assay for Nitrite Anion

3.3.3.2. Biological Systems

3.3.4. Inhibitors and Scavengers

3.4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

3.4.1. Physicochemical Properties

3.4.2. Generation

3.4.2.1. Cell-free Systems

3.4.2.2. Biological Systems

3.4.3. Detection

3.4.3.1. Cell-free Systems

3.4.3.2. Biological Systems

3.4.4. Inhibitors and Scavengers

3.5. Carbonate Radical Anion (CO3-)

3.5.1. Physicochemical Properties

3.5.2. Generation

3.5.2.1. Cell-free Systems

3.5.2.2. Biological Systems

3.5.3. Detection.

3.5.3.1. Cell-free Systems.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-62081-778-0

OCLC:

923667580