Sludge : types, treatment processes and disposal / Richard E. Baily, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Baily, Richard E.

Series:

Air, water and soil pollution science and technology series.

Air, water and soil science and technology series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sewage sludge.

Sewage--Purification.

Sewage.

Sewage disposal.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (335 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Wastewater treatment plants usually generate millions of tons of sewage sludge every year. Sewage sludge results from the accumulation of solids from chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation during wastewater treatment. Worldwide, sludge production is steadily increasing, driven by the increasing percentage of households connected to central treatment plants, the increasing tightening of pollution limits on the effluent discharged, as well as the availability of technologies capable of achieving higher efficiency of wastewater treatment. Sewage sludge contains undesirable hazardous substances such as trace elements, pesticides and endocrine disruptors, pathogens and other microbiological pollutants. Therefore, sludge has to be properly treated and disposed of to prevent environmental contamination and health risk. Sludge processing is intended to improve dewatering characteristics, eliminate disease-causing bacteria, reduce smell and decrease the quantity of organic solids. In this way, the end product can be treated further or disposed of with less handling problems and environmental consequences. This new important book gathers the latest research from around the globe on this issue.

Contents:

Intro

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Synthetic Sludge as a Physical and Chemical Analogue of Real Sludge in the Activated Sludge Process

Abstract

1. Introduction

Bioflocculation

Review of Sludge Floc Formation

DLVO theory

Divalent cation bridging (DCB) theory

The role of cations

Activated Sludge Process

Synthetic Sludge

2. Materials and Methods

Polystyrene Latex Particles

Polysaccharide

Fibrous Cellulose

Preparation of Synthetic Sludge

Preparation of Activated Sludge - Laboratory System Setup and Operation

Preparation of Activated Sludge - Steady-state Determination

Settleability and Turbidity

Settling and Dewatering Properties

Polymer Conditioning

Floc Size, Strength and Structure

Filamentous Organism Quantification

Calcium Analysis

Monitoring the Dynamics of Flocculation

3. Effect of Calcium on Flocculation Dynamics

4. Effect of Calcium Ion on Floc Size Distribution

5. Effect of Alginate and Fibrous Cellulose on Flocculation Dynamics

6. Relationship between Cations and Polysaccharide on Flocculation Behaviour

Activated Sludge

7. Settleability and Turbidity

8. Sludge Dewatering

9. Sludge Conditioning

10. Floc Strength and Floc Structure

11. Conclusion

References

Acknowledgements

Contributors

Processes to Recovery Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge of Vegetable Oils

2. Water Degumming Sludge

3. Profitable Products from Water Degumming Sludge

3.1. Animal Feeds

3.2 Crude Lecithin

3.3. Oil

3.4. Deoiled Lecithin

3.5. Lecithin Fractionation

3.6. Pure Phospholipids

3.7. Chemical Modification of Lecithin

3.8. Enzymatic Modification of Lecithin

3.8.1. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2).

3.8.2. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1)

3.8.3. Phospholipase B (PLB) / Lysophospholipase

3.8.4. Lipases

3.8.5. Phospholipase C (PLC)

3.8.6. Phospholipase D (PLD)

3.9. Liposomes

4. Concluding Remarks

A Survey of Methods for Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms

2. Distributions of SRM

3. Phylogeny of SRM

3.1. Gram-negative Mesophilic SRM

3.2. Gram-negative Psychrophilic SRM

3.3. Gram-negative Thermophilic SRM

3.4. Gram-positive SRM

3.5. Archaeal SRM

4. Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms

4.1. Microbiological Methods

4.1.1. Broth bottle dilution

4.1.2. Agar deeps

4.1.3. Melt agar

4.2. Immunological Methods

4.2.1. Agglutination

4.2.2. Immunodiffusion

4.2.3. Immunofluorescence

4.2.4. ELISA

4.3. Biochemical Methods

4.3.1. Hydrogenase test

4.3.2. Cellular protein profiling

4.3.3. Cellular fatty acid analysis

4.4. Molecular Methods

4.4.1. Cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified genes

4.4.2. PCR with SRM-specific primers

4.4.3. DGGE

4.4.4. FISH

4.4.5. T-RFLP

4.4.6. DNA microarrays

4.4.7. Real-time PCR

5. Conclusions

Nitrogen and Excess Sludge Management

2. Impact of a Metabolic Uncoupler (TCS) on Excess Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Removal

2.1. Effects of TCS on Sludge Growth under Oxic and Anoxic Conditions

2.2. Effect of TCS on Nitrification and Denitrification in Batch Experiments

2.3. Effect of TCS on Sludge Reduction and Process Stability in A/O Process

2.4. Effect of TCS on Nitrogen Removal in A/O System

2.5. Effect of TCS on Microbial Community in A/O Process

2.6. Summary

3. Sludge Reduction and Nitrogen Control in A/O Process with Recirculation of Solubilized Excess Sludge.

3.1. Disintegration of Excess Sludge

3.1.1. Ozonation

3.1.2. Ultrasonic disintegration

3.1.3. High-pressure homogenizer

3.2. Solubilized Excess Sludge as Carbon Source for Denitrification

3.3. Batch Proteolysis of a Solubilized Sludge

3.4. Batch Nitrification of OS and AOS

3.5. Nitrogen Balance for OS Supernatant

3.6. A/O System Combined with Sludge Disintegration Process

3.7. Summary

4. Protein Recovery from Excess Sludge and Its Use as Animal Feed

4.1. Extraction of Cellular Protein

4.2. Characteristics of Recovered Protein

4.2..1 Nutritional analysis

4.2.2. Hazardous materials analysis

4.3. Animal Feed Test

4.4. Summary

5. Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion of Disintegrated and Deproteinized Excess Sludge

5.1. Effect of Cell Lysis on Anaerobic Digestion

5.2. Anaerobic Digestion of Deproteinized Sludge

5.3 Summary

6. Perspective

Sewage Sludge Treatment in

the European Union

2. Sewage Sludge in the European Union

2.1. Legislation

2.2.Production of Sludge

2.3. Treatment of Sludge

2.3.1. Aerobic digestion

2.3.2. Lime stabilization

2.3.3. Pasteurization

2.3.4. Anaerobic digestion

2.3.5. Drying

2.3.6. Incineration of Sludge

3. Choice of Suitable Concept of

Sludge Management Case Study

3.1. WWTP Description

3.2. Characteristics of Selected Alternatives

C1: Keeping Current Concept - Digested Sludge Composting

C2: Incineration of Digested Sludge in the Area of MSW Incineration Plant

C3: Incineration of Digested Sludge as Part of Sludge Management

C4: Incineration of Mixed Raw Sludge

3.3. Simulative Calculations and Their Application in Researched Area

Anaerobic Digestion

3.3.2. Drying

3.3.3. Combustion

3.4. Simulative Calculations of Selected Alternatives.

3.4.1. Input Data for Simulative Calculations

Anaerobic digestion of sludge

Drying of sludge

Incineration of sludge

3.4.2. Results for Mass and Heat Balances of Individual Processes

3.4.3. Analysis of Results Including Parametric Sensitivity

Utilization of biogas in cogeneration units and biogas boilers

Effect of air excess on sludge incineration

Options for utilization of flue gases energy arising from sludge incineration

3.4.4. Results of Mass and Heat Balances of Selected Options

Composting of digested sludge

Incineration of digested sludge

Mixed raw sludge incineration

3.5. Economic Evaluation

3.6. Summary of Results of Mass and Heat and Economic Balances

3.6.1. Discussion over Results

4. Conclusion

Evaluation of in-situ Sludge Reduction Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Plants

Keywords: Biological treatment, energy recovery, in-situ technologies, operational control, phosphorus, sludge disintegration.

2. Mechanisms and Processes Involved in

situ Reduction of Sludge Production

3. In-Situ Technologies

3.1. Operational Control

3.1.1. Membrane bioreactors (MBR)

3.1.2. Oxic-settling-anaerobic process (OSA process)

3.1.3. Extended aeration

3.1.4. Low sludge production (LSP) process

3.1.5. High dissolved oxygen process

3.1.6. Aerobic granulation

3.1.7. Anaerobic digestion and anammox process

3.2. Sludge Desintegration

3.2.1. Chemical disintegration

3.2.2. Physical disintegration

3.2.3. Biological disintegration

4. Evaluation

a) Environmental considerations:

b) Economical/financial considerations:

c) Technical considerations:

5. Perspectives

6. Acknowledgements

References.

Feasibility of Using a Mixture of Sewage Sludge and Incinerated Sewage Sludge as a Soil Amendment

Disposal of sewage sludge

Sewage sludge Incineration

Disposal of incinerated sewage sludge ash

The study area

Sewage sludge

2. Studies on Pampas Soils

Greenhouse experiment

Total Organic Carbon

Liming effect

Electrical Conductivity

Lolium Perenne L. biomass

Potentially trace elements concentration in aerial plant tissues of Loluim perenne L.

3. Conclusions

Potential of Sludge Treatment

1.1 Disposal Requirements

1.2 Recent Sludge Disposal

2. Potential of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion

2.1 Effects of Sludge Characteristics on Anaerobic Digestion

2.1.1 Nutrient contents

2.1.2 Inhibition contents

1. Heavy Metals

2. Sulphide

2.2 Pretreatment for Enhanced Anaerobic Digestion

2.2.1 Mechanical pretreatment

2.2.2 Chemical pretreatment

2.2.3 Thermal pretreatment

2.2.4 Microwave and Ultrasound pretreatment

2.2.5 Advanced oxidation pretreatment

2.3 Thermal Pretreatment Kinetics

2.3.1 Kinetic model

2.3.2 The two-stage first-order reaction kinetic model

2.3.3 Generalized kinetic model

2.4 Energy output potential

3. Abbreviations

A Culture-Independent Novel Approach to Monitoring the Activity and Stability of Activated Sludge in Wastewater Treatment

2. Measurement of the Growth Activity of Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Using Catalytic DNA

2.1. Bulking by filamentous bacteria

2.2. 16S rRNA-based monitoring techniques

2.3. Catalytic DNA

2.4. S. natans-specific DNAzyme

2.5. Early detection of bulking in the activated sludge system by DNAzyme

2.6. Application to anammox bacteria

2.7. Advantages of the DNAzyme method.

3. Identification of Functional Genes Involved in Wastewater Treatment Using a Metagenomic Approach.

Notes:

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-579-X

OCLC:

662457956