An introduction to electrostatic measurements / John Chubb.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Chubb, John.

Series:

Electrical engineering developments series.

Electrical engineering developments

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Electrostatics--Measurement.

Electrostatics.

Electrostatic analyzers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (230 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2010.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Reviews research on electrostatic measurements, covering topics such as design and practical features of 'field mill' electrostatics fieldmetres, the use of corona charge decay as an appropriate method for assessing the electrostatic suitability of materials, and the use of capacitance loading as an additional relevant characteristic of materials.

Contents:

Intro

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Basic Electrostatics

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Charge

2.3. Force between Charges

2.4. Electric Field

2.5. Potential

2.6. Electric Flux Density

2.7. Gauss' Law

2.8. Induced Charge

2.9. Capacitance

2.10.Energy

2.11. Poisson's Equation

2.12. Dielectrics

2.13. Charge Migration and Dissipation

2.14. Charge Separation Mechanisms

2.15. Electrical Breakdown

References

Measuring Instruments

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Measurement of Electric Field

3.2.1. Basic Aspects

3.2.2. Induction Probe Type Fieldmeters

3.2.3. 'Field Mill' Fieldmeters

3.2.4. 'Field Mill' Fieldmeters Without Earthing of the Rotating Chopper

3.2.5. Zeroing Fieldmeters

3.2.6. Calibration of Fieldmeters

3.2.7 Factors Determining Performance of Field Mill Fieldmeters

3.2.7.1. Introduction

3.2.7.2. Earthing Rotating Choppers

3.2.7.3. Zero Stability

3.2.7.4. Precision and Sensitivity

3.2.7.5. Response Time

3.2.7.6. Adverse Environmental Conditions

3.3. Measurement of Charge

3.3.1. Introduction

3.3.2. Faraday Pail

3.3.3. Charge Measurement

3.4. Assessment of Materials

3.4.1. Introduction

3.4.2. Philosophy of Assessment

3.4.3. Comments on Methods for Charge Decay Measurement

Corona Charge Decay

Federal Test Standard 101C

ITV Denkendorf

NASA

BTTG

'Scuff' Tribocharging

STFI

Charge Plate Monitor

3.4.4. Corona Charge Decay Measurement

3.4.5. Capacitance Loading

3.5. Measurement of Shielding Performance

3.5.1. Introduction

3.5.2. Alternative Method of Testing

3.5.3. Relationship of shielding to effective resistivity

3.6. Measurement of the Incendivity of Electrostatic Discharges

3.7. Measurement of Charge Transfer and Currents in Discharges.

3.8. Measurement of Resistance

3.9. Measurement of Capacitance

Practical Electrostatic Measurements

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Fieldmeter Measurements

4.3. Measuring Surface Voltage

4.4. Electrostatic Voltmeter

4.5. Measuring Potentials in a Volume

4.6. Measurement of Charge

4.7. Surface Charge Density

4.8. Volume Charge Density

4.9. Charge Decay for Assessing Materials

4.10. Measurements on Discharges

4.11. Radio Detection of Sparks - Radio Spectrum

4.12. Lightning Warning

4.13. Incendivity of Electrostatic Discharges

4.14. Shielding

4.15. Other Measurements

4.16. Modelling

/

4.17. Calibration

Assessment of Significance of Static

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Ignition of Flammable Atmospheres

5.3. Shock Risks

5.4. Attraction of Dust, Debris and Thin Films

5.5. Damage to Semiconductor Devices

5.6. Upset Operation of Microelectronic Systems

Practical Electrostatic Problems

6.1. General Comments

C1: Characteristics Of Materials:

C2: Coupling:

C3: Consequences:

C4: Countermeasures:

C5: Constructive Use:

6.2. Is 'Static' the Cause?

6.3. Codes of Practice

6.4. Characteristics of Materials

6.5. Investigative Procedures

6.6. System Changes

6.7. Some Specific Examples

6.7.1. Risks At Loading Reactors Containing Flammable Solvents:

6.7.2. In Silos and Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks:

6.7.3 Transfer of Charged Material into Vessels/Containers

6.7.4. FIBCs

6.7.5 Fluids

6.7.6. Moving Webs

6.7.7 Flooring

6.7.8 Humidity

6.7.9. Aircraft Refuelling:

6.7.10. Carbon Dioxide

6.7.11 Aerosol Cans

Examples from Experience

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Cleanroom Clothing

7.3. Tanker Studies

7.4. Food Product Silo

7.5. Lightning Warning

7.6 Car Seats.

7.7. Electrostatic Safety At Solvent Extraction Plant

7.8. Airborne Particles

7.9. Airborne Fibre Monitor

7.10. Coated Metal Sheets

7.11. Adhesive Manufacture

7.12. Health Monitor

Sources of Information About Static Electricity

8.1. General

8.2 Organisations Organising Conferences and Meetings

8.3. Information on Meetings

8.4. Journals for Publication of Papers

8.5. Directories

8.6. Standards

8.6.1. British Standards Institution

8.6.2 European and International Standards: (Available From BSI and other National Standards Organisations, Websites: www.cenorm.be/ and www.cenelec.be/)

8.6.3 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC TC101: (IEC Home Page: Www.Iec.Ch)

8.6.4 US Standards

8.6.5 Japanese Standards

8.7. Shell Safety Guide

'Static Electricity - Technical and Safety Aspects' 1988

8.8. Books

Definitions

Test Method to Assess the Electrostatic Suitability of Materials for Retained Electrostatic Charge

Foreword

1. Scope

2. References

2.1. Informative references

3. Definitions

4. Test Method

5. Procedure

5.1. Mounting

5.2 Environmental conditions

5.3. Pre-test surface voltage

5.4. Charge decay times

5.5 Decay time measurement

5.6. Capacitance loading

5.7. Analysis of capacitance loading values

6. Assessment

7. Test Report

Annex A: (Normative)

A1 capacitance loading

A2 charge decay

A3 charge decay time

A4 conductive material

A5 corona

A6 dissipative material

A7 insulative material

A8 relative capacitance

A9 surface potential

Annex B: (Normative)

Design and Operation of Test Apparatus

B1 Physical design features

B2 Containment of test material

B3 Corona charge deposition

B4 Fieldmeter

Annex C: (Normative)

Measurement of Charge Decay Time.

C1 Decay time

C2 Initial voltage

C3 Voltage decay curve

C4 Timing measurement

C5 Measurement procedure

C6 Overcoming pre-charging

C7 Additional artefacts to avoid

C8 Calibration

Annex D: (Normative)

Measurement of the Quantity of Charge Transferred with Corona Charging

Annex E: (Normative) Environmental Conditions

E.1 Standard environmental conditions

E.2 Sample handling and preparation

Annex F: (Normative)

Assessment of Capacitance Loading Measurements

F.1 Calculation of 'capacitance loading' values

F.2 Interpretation of capacitance loading measurements

Annex G: (Informative) Bibliography

Annex H: (Normative)

Calibration of Corona Charge Decay Measuring Instrumentation

H1 Aspects to be calibrated

H2 Equipment

H3 Surface potential sensitivity calibration

H4 Decay time calibration

H5 Calibration procedure

H6 Calibration Certificate information

Annex J: (Normative) Calibration of Corona

Charge Transfer Measuring Instrumentation

J.1 Aspects to be calibrated

J.2 Induction and Conduction charge measurement sensitivity

J.3 Relative sensitivity of 'induction' charge measurement

J4 Calibration Certificate information

Methods for the Calibration of Electrostatic Measuring Instruments

1. Introduction

2. Common Features

2.1 Introduction

2.2. Voltage Source

2.3. Voltage Measurement System

2.4 Resistors and Capacitors

2.5 Distance Measurements

2.6 Temperature and Humidity

2.7. Standard Instrument Calibration Certificate Information

3. Electrostatic Fieldmeters

3.1. Apparatus

3.2. Procedure

3.3. Results

3.4 Common aspects of calibration

3.5 Calibration Certificate Information

4. Proximity Voltmeters

4.1. Apparatus

4.1.1 Electrostatic Fieldmeter:

4.1.2. Voltage Follower Probe:.

4.2. Arrangements for Calibration

4.2.1 Electrostatic Fieldmeter:

Figure 2. general arrangement for calibration of a fieldmeter proximity voltmeter.

4.2.2 Voltage Follower Probe:

4.3 Voltage Source And Measuring System

4.4. Procedure

4.5. Common Aspects of Calibration

4.6. Calibration Certificate Information

5. Electrostatic Voltmeter

5.l. Calibration method

5.2. Voltage Source and Measuring System

5.3 Arrangements for Calibration

5.4 Procedure

5.5. Results

5.6. Common Aspects of Calibration

5.7. Calibration Certificate Information

6. Faraday Pail

6.1. Calibration Method

6.1.1 Charged capacitor

6.1.2 Defined current flow

6.2. Voltage Source and Measuring System

6.3 Arrangements for Calibration

6.4. Procedure

6.4.1. Method 6.1.1:

6.4.2. Method 6.1.2:

6.5. Results

6.6. Common Aspects of Calibration

6.7. Calibration Certificate Information

7. Charge Decay Time Measuring Apparatus

8. Air Ionisation Test Units

Acknowledgments

Index

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61122-687-2

OCLC:

839305357