Pollution in China / Michael I. Chang.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Chang, Michael I.

Series:

China in the 21st Century

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pollution--China.

Pollution.

Pollution--Environmental aspects--China.

Environmental protection--China.

Environmental protection.

Environmental monitoring--China.

Environmental monitoring.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (220 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge, N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2011.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

China has been very successful in developing its economy in the past 30 years. However, the severe environmental deteriorations associated with the rapid economic growth have generated serious concerns. Strong efforts and significant achievements have been observed in the work of environmental protection in China. This book explores the present environmental quality and pollution emission trends in the past as well as current protection efforts in China today.

Contents:

Intro

POLLUTION IN CHINA

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN CHINA

Executive Summary

Introduction

1. Environmental Quality: Historical Trends and Current Challenges

1.1 Historical Trends

1.1.1 Water Quality

Surface Water Quality

Lake (Reservoir) Water Quality

Groundwater Quality

1.1.2 Discharge of Water Pollutants

Discharge of Wastewater and Major Pollutants

Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge in Major Regions

Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge from Major Industries

1.1.3 Urban Air Quality

1.1.4 Acid Rain

1.1.5 Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants

Emission of Major Atmospheric Pollutants

Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants

Atmospheric Pollution from Traffic

1.1.6 Discharge of Solid Wastes

Discharge of Industrial Solid Waste

Discharge of Hazardous Waste

Discharge of Municipal Domestic Wastes

1.2. Major Challenges

1.1.1 New Challenges

Conventional Point-source Pollution plus Non-point-source Pollution

Domestic Pollution

New Pollution Problem

Pollution Migration

Ecological Problem

1.1.2. Observation and Discussion

Water and Air Pollution

Comprehensive Utilization and Management of Solid Waste

Ecological Deterioration

Economic Growth

Public Health

A Big Gap from the World Class

2. Protection Efforts: Evolution and Major Achievements

2.1 Evolution

Stage 1: Beginning Stage (1972-1978)

Stage 2: Comprehensive Development of the Environmental Management System (1978-1992)

Stage 3: Enhancement of Environmental Protection (1992-2008)

Stage 4: New Era (2008-present)

2.2.2 Major Institutional Achievements and Current Status

Environmental Awareness is High.

Governmental Organizations for Environmental Protection Have Been Fully Established.

Environmental Laws and Regulations are Close to Mature.

A Comprehensive Environmental Policy System has been Established.

Investment in Environmental Protection Keeps Increasing.

International Cooperation is Much Stronger.

3. Policy Evaluation

3.1 Overall Evaluation

3.1.1 Policy Framework

3.1.2 Overall Evaluation

(1) Characteristics

Balance between environment and economic development.

Balance between prevention and end-of-pipe treatment.

Use of both conventional command &amp

control approaches and economic instruments.

Emphases on government actions.

(2) Future Challenges

Some advanced concepts are well developed but not well implemented.

Coordination between different departments of government is weak.

Legal system is incomplete.

Policy enforcement and compliance are weak.

3.2 Evaluation of Specific Policies

3.2.1 Strategies and Principles

3.2.2 Laws and Regulations

3.2.3 Major Command &amp

Control Measures

(1) Environmental Planning

(2) Environmental Impact Assessment and "Three Simultaneities"

(3) Total Pollution Load Control

(4) Pollution Treatment Deadline

(5) Pollution Discharge Permit System

3.2.4 Major Economic Policies for Environment

(1) Pollution Levy

(2) User Charge

(3) Pollution Permit Trading

(4) Environmental Tax

(5) Ecological Compensation, Green Credit and Green Security

3.2.5 Other Policy Instruments

(1) Environmental Information Disclosure

(2) Environmental Management System

(3) Cleaner Production Audit

(4) Eco-labeling product

4. Lessons Learned

References

Chapter 2 ENERGY POLICY: UNDERSTANDING IMPLEMENTATION IN CHINESE FACTORIES

Abstract

Background

Research Method

Policy Background

Energy Intensity Explained

Zhuji, Zhejiang province profile

Results

Overview of Each Factory.

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Awareness of Policy and Education

Initial Knowledge of Policy

Awareness of Benefits and Penalties

Training

Business Network and Information Sharing

Observed actions to reduce energy intensity

Policy related

Non-policy related

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 3 PCDD/FS LEVELS AND MAJOR EMISSION SOURCES IN CHINA: A REVIEW

1. Introduction

2. Monitoring Capacity Building

3. PCDD Level in Environmental Media

3.1 Sediment

3.2 Soil

3.3 Ambient Air

4. Major emission source analysis

4.1 Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate Products

4.3 Metallurgy

4.4 E-waste

4.5 Open Burning

Conclusions

Chapter 4 AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT SECTOR IN CHINA AND POLICIES TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

1.1. Interactions of Urbanization, Motorization and Air Pollution

1.2. Contribution of Transport to Energy Consumption

2. Air Pollutant Emissions fron Transport Sector and Evaluation Methodology

2.1 Inter-city Transport

2.1.1 Turnover volume and modal split of passenger and freight transport

2.1.2 Factors influencing modal share

2.2 Urban Transport

2.2.1 Private car stock and public transport

2.2.2 Energy consumption and emission factor of urban transport

3. Strategies and Policies for Energy Conservation and Emission Control

4. Future projection of air pollutant emissions and policy control up to 2030

4.1 A System Dynamics Model of Air Pollutant Emissions from Inter-city Transport

4.2 Model of Urban Transport Development and Emissions

4.3 Model Results

Chapter 5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA: LEVELS, SOURCES, AND RISKS OF VOCS AND PAHS

1. Introduction.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Sampling Sites

2.2. Sampling Methods

VOCs

PAHs

2.3. Extraction and Analysis

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. VOC Concentrations

3.2. PAH Concentrations

3.3. Profiles

4. Exposure Risks

Chapter 6 OZONE POLLUTION IN CENTRAL-EAST CHINA

2. Study Site and Techniques

3.1. Ozone Pollution at the Urban Site

3.1.1. Time Series of Ozone Concentrations

3.1.2. Seasonal and diurnal variations

3.1.3. Air masses classification and cluster analysis

3.2. Ozone Pollution at the Mountain Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site

3.2.1. Overall Characteristics

3.2.2. Day-to-day Variations

3.2.3. Diurnal Variations

3.3. Ozone Pollution at the Coastal Site and the Comparison with the Urban Site

3.3.1. Overall Characteristics

3.3.2. Day-to-day Variations

Chapter 7 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN CHINA*

1. Status of Non-point Pollution From Crop Production in China

1.1. Non-Point Pollution from Synthetic Fertilizers

1.2. Status of Eutrophication of Chinese Lakes

2. Reasons for Non-point Pollution from Crop Production in China

2.1. The Pressure for High Levels of Food Self-Sufficiency in China

2.2. The Fast Development of Vegetable Production

2.3. Unbalanced Nutrient Inputs to China's Agrosystems

2.4. Rapid Development of Intensive Livestock Production with Limited Treatment of Organic Wastes

2.5. Inadequate Agricultural Extension System

2.5.1. Under Investment

2.5.2. Misallocation of Investment Funds

2.5.3. Over-Staffing

2.5.4. Poor Quality of Extension Staff

2.5.5. Large Amounts of Time that Have to be Spent on Duties Not Related to Extension.

2.6. Overuse of Nitrogen Fertilizer Because of the Failure to Take Account of the Agronomic, Economic and Environmental Optimum Application Rate

2.7. Over-Fertilization Behaviour of Farmer under Open Market Conditions

3. Policy Recommendations to Reduce Non-point Pollution from Agriculture in China

3.1. Policy Recommendations

3.1.1. Reassessment of China's Grain Self-Sufficiency Requirements

3.1.2. Change the Regional Structure of Grain Production

3.1.3. Promote Farmers Associations

3.1.4. Raise Environmental Awareness throughout China

3.2. Improvements in Environmental Legislation Recommendations

3.2.1. Tighter Controls on the Discharge of Organic Waste

3.2.2. Promotion of the Recycling of Organic Manure

3.2.3. Prevention of Pesticides Pollution

3.3. Improvement of Technology Delivery Systems

3.3.1. Monitoring the Farmland Quality and Environmental Capacity

3.3.2. Reform the Agricultural Extension System

3.3.3. Widen the Uptake of Proven High Efficiency Fertilization Technology

3.3.4. Implementation of Comprehensive River Basin Planning and Management

Chapter 8 HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF AGRONOMIC CROPS GROWN ON THREE RECLAIMED MINE WASTELANDS IN SOUTH CHINA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION*

ABSTRACT

Materials and Methods

The Study Site

Sample Collection and Analysis

Pollution Assessment

Assessment Method

Assessment Criteria and Pollution Grading

Bioaccumulation Factor

RESULTS

Heavy Metals in Agronomic Crops

Pollution Assessment of Agronomic Crops

Heavy Metals in Soils and Crop Accumulation

Discussion

Safety of Agronomic Crops Grown on the Reclaimed Mine Wastelands

Implications for Restoration of Mine Wastelands

Reviewed by Prof. Dr. Yinian Zhu

INDEX.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61122-399-7

OCLC:

738478547