Radioactive contamination research developments / Nadine K. Henshaw and Cade S. Alleyne, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Henshaw, Nadine K.

Alleyne, Cade S.

Series:

Environmental remediation technologies, regulations and safety.

Environmental remediation technologies, regulations and safety series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Radioactive pollution.

Radioecology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (308 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2010.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment. Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of a radionuclide. Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. This book presents research on this topic.

Contents:

Intro

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1PROGRESSES IN RADIOACTIVECONTAMINATION RESEARCHES

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Radiation and Radioactivity

2.1. Radiation

2.2. Background Radiation

2.3. Radioactivity

2.4. Radioactive Contamination and Radiation Exposure

3. Characteristics of Fundemental Radionuclides

3.1. Distribution of Radioactivity

3.1.1. Crystalline Rocks

3.1.2. Sedimentary Rocks

3.1.3. Organic-Rich Shales and Coal

3.1.4. Sandstones

3.1.5. Carbonates Rocks

3.1.6. Residual Soils

3.1.7. Phosphrites

4. Nuclear Test Fallout

5. Radioactive Contamination Researches

5.1. Sampling

5.2. Monitoring

5.3. Measurements

5.3.1. Counting Instruments

5.3.2. Internal Proportional Counters

5.3.3. End-Window Counters

5.3.4. Thin-Window Proportional Counter

5.3.5. Low-Background Beta Counter

5.3.6. Gamma Spectrometer

5.3.7. Alpha Spectrometer

5.3.8. Alpha Scintillation Counter

5.3.9. Liquid Beta Scintillation Counter

5.4. Assessment and Modeling

5.4.1. Spatial Modeling of Radioactive Contamination

5.4.1.1. Classical Variogram Methodologies

5.4.2. Point Cumulative Semivariogram (PCSV) Technique

5.4.3. Spatio-Temporal Point Cumulative Semivariogram (STPCSV) Technique

5.4.4. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Radioactive Contaminiation

5.4.4.1 Basic Statistical Analysis

5.4.4.2. Advanced Statistical Analysis

Factor Analysis

Cluster Analysis

5.4.5. Risk Assessment of Radioactive Contamination

Risk Methodology

5.4.6. A New Concept for Radioactive Contamination Researches

Perturbation Distribution Coefficient Definition

Perturbation Method

5.4.7. Soft Computing For Radioactive Contamination Researches.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

5.4.8. Earthquake Prediction with Nuclear-Soft Computing

References

Chapter 2BIOINDICATORS IN THE ASSESSMENTOF ATMOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY:CURRENT APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES

2. Atmospheric Radioactivity and Its Impact on Biota

3. Assessment of Atmospheric Radioactivity Using Bioindicators

4. Estimating Radionuclide Transfer to Biota

4.1. Post-Chernobyl Studies

4.2. The Concept of a Reference Organism

4.3. Quantification of Radionuclide Transfer to Biota Using ReferenceOrganisms

4.4. Models for the Assessment of Transfer to Non-human Biota

5. Mosses and Lichens as Biomonitors

5.1. Physiological Specificities

5.2. Ion Exchange Process

5.3. Interaction of 137 Cs+ with Organic Molecules

5.4. Entrapment of the Solubilized 137Cs+ in a Crystalline Lattice

5.5. Intracellular Compartmentalization of 137Cs+

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Chapter 3VETOING TECHNIQUES IN RADIOACTIVECONTAMINATION RESEARCH

2. Public Exposure Limits and the Necessary Detection Sensitivity

3. Low-Level Gamma Spectroscopy

3.1. The Passive Shield

3.2. The Effects of Radon

3.3. Cosmic Rays

4. Basic Principles of Coincidence/Anticoincidence Counting

5. Coincidence Circuits

6. The Compton Suppressor Method

6.1. The NaI(Tl) Shielded HPGe Spectrometer Inside Passive Iron Shield(Department of Physics, University Of Novi Sad)

7. The Anti-muon Veto

7.1. The Actively Shielded Ge Spectrometer by a System of Plastic VetoDetector around a Passive Lead Shield (Department of Physics,University of Novi Sad)

7.2. Neutron Induced Gamma Lines

7.3. Changes in the Active Veto Shield in Order to Improve It

8. Analysis of the Actively Shielded Systems.

8.1. Commissariat A l'Energie Atomique, DRIF/DASE/RCE, Centre d'EtudesDe Bruyeres-Le-Chatel, B.P. 12, 91680 Bruyeres-Le-Chatel, France [Po96].

8.2. Laboratory of the Faculty of Physics, University of Seville [Hu06]

8.3. Laboratory of the University of Mokwon, Doandong Seo-Ku, Daejon302-729, South Korea [By03]

8.4. Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, New York StateDepartment of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509,USA [Se02]

8.5. IAEA-MEL (International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine EnvironmentLaboratory), 4, Quai Antoine 1er, Monte-Carlo, MC 98000, Monaco [Po05]

Chapter 4ESCAPING RADIOACTIVITY FROM COAL-FIREDPOWER PLANTS

2. Radioactivity of Coals and Fly Ashes

3. Particulate Dispersion of Fly Ash

4. Radioactivity Escaping from Coal-Fired Power Plants as FineParticles

5. Hazards from the Radioactivity Escaping from the Stacks ofCoal-Fired Power Plants

5.1. Hazards from the Escaping Fly Ash

5.2. Hazards from the Atmospheric Dispersion of Fly Ash

5.3. Hazards from Wall Radioactivity in Dwellings due to the Fly Ash

5.4. Hazards from Diffusion of Radon through Concrete

6. Conclusions

Chapter 5PATTERN RECOGNITION METHODSIN ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY STUDIES

2. Multivariate Analysis Methods

2.1. Artificial Neural Network with Back-Propagation Learning

2.2. Principal Component Analysis

2.3. Linear Discriminant Analysis

2.4. K -Nearest Neighbour Algorithm

2.5. Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy

3. Recent Applications of Pattern Recognition Methodsin Environmental Monitoring Studies

3.1. Optimization of Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Measurements

3.1.1. Optimization of Measuring Uncertainty

3.1.2. Optimization of Peak-to-Background Ratio.

3.1.3. Optimization of Minimum Detectable Activity

3.2. Classification of Samples in Environmental Studies

3.2.1. Classification of Soil Samples According to Their Geographic Origin UsingDifferent Pattern Recognition Techniques

3.2.2. Implementation of Neural Networks for Classification of Moss and LichenSamples on the Basis of Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Analysis

Acknowledgments

Chapter 6ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUROF URANIUM IN CLOSEDMINING SITES

Summary

1.1. General

1.2. Scope

2. Abandoned Uranium Mining Site

2.1. Ore Mining and Processing

2.1.1. Ore Extraction

2.1.2. Uranium Processing

2.2. Characteristics of Abandoned Uranium Mines

2.2.1. Mining Wastes and Tailing

2.2.2. Mine Water Quality

2.2.3. Radon Gas Emanation and Air Quality

2.2.4. Acid Mine Drainage

2.2.5. Aquifer Contamination from In-Situ Leaching

3. Geochemistry

3.1. General Properties

3.1.1. Physicochemical

3.1.2. Radioactivity

3.1.3. Uranium Classifications

3.2. Aquatic Chemistry of Uranium

3.2.1. Behaviour in Surface Mine Waters

3.2.2. Uranium Behaviour in Oxidising Aquifers

3.2.3. Uranium Behaviour in Reducing Aquifer

3.2.3. Uranium in Waste-Rocks And Tailings Heaps

4. Ecotoxicology

4.1. Hazard Transfer from Abandoned Uranium Mines

4.2. Human Health Concerns

4.2.1. Exposure Routes

4.2.2. Chemical Toxicity

4.2.3. Radiological Toxicity

4.4. Ecotoxicological Approach

5. Uranium Bioremediation2

5.1. Processes of Uranium Bioremediation

5.1.1. Biosorption

5.1.2. Bioprecipitation

5.1.3. Chelation

5.1.4. Active Intracellular Uptake

5.1.5. Biological-Induced Redox Reactions

5.1.6. Phytoremediation

5.1.7. Biogenic Facilitated Abiogenic Reduction of Uranium.

5.2. Applicable Bioremediation Strategies in Abandoned Uranium Mines

5.2.1. Constructed Wetlands

5.2.2. Injection Wells

5.2.3. Bioreactive Barrier

5.3. Challenges in Application of Bioremediation in AUM

5.3.1. Stoichiometry and Homeostasis Limits

5.3.2. Environmental Condition Limits

5.3.3. Discharge Pattern Limits

5.3.4. Ecological Implication Fears

5.3.5. Physicochemical Characteristics Limits

5.3.6. Processes and Counteraction Limits

5.5. New Perspectives: A Paradigm of the Eco-Remediation

6. Concluding Remarks

Chapter7MODELLINGRADIOACTIVITYDISPERSIONINCOASTALWATERS

1.Introduction

2.TheStraitofGibraltar-Albor´anSeaRegion

3.RapidResponseRadioactivityDispersionModelfortheStraitofGibraltar

3.1.Hydrodynamics

3.2.LagrangianDispersionModel

3.3.ResultsandDiscussion

3.3.1.Hydrodynamics

3.3.2.DispersionModel

4.AModellingStudyonRadionuclideDynamicsintheAlbor´anSea

4.1.Hydrodynamics

4.2.SedimentTransport

4.3.RadionuclideDispersionina2-layeredSea

4.4.ComputationalScheme

4.5.ResultsandDiscussion

4.5.1.Hydrodynamics

4.5.2.Sedimentation

4.5.3.RadionuclideDispersion

4.5.4.SensitivityTests

5.Conclusion

Chapter 8NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIOACTIVECONTAMINATION IN SEA WATER

Introduction

Experimental

Results

INDEX

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher.

ISBN:

1-61122-566-3

OCLC:

669518243