Energy recovery / Edgard DuBois and Arthur Mercier, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

DuBois, Edgard.

Mercier, Arthur.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Waste products as fuel.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (343 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Hauppauge N.Y. : Nova Science Publishers, c2009.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Energy recovery occurs when the energy that is released from a resource recovery process (i.e., pyrolysis/gasification) is used for another purpose such as to generate steam, fuel or electricity generation. This book examines the energy recovery technologies which use landfill gas to produce energy directly. An overview of a variety of secondary sludge post treatment methods for energy recovery is given, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, direct liquefaction, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and anaerobic digestion. The several routes that energy recovery can follow from waste are looked at as well, of which the most common is waste direct combustion associated with conventional energy recovery in a steam turbine cycle. Energy recovery in air conditioning systems to promote energy saving and improve environmental quality is also explored in this book.

Contents:

Intro

ENERGY RECOVERY

CONTENTS

PREFACE

BIOGAS RECOVERY FROM LANDFILLS

ABSTRACT

I. INTRODUCTION

II. REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

A. U Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC

B. RCRA Regulations

C. CAA Regulations

D. CWA Regulations

III. SANITARY AND BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS

A. Development of Sanitary Landfills

B. Bioreactor Landfills

1. Anaerobic bioreactor landfills

2. Aerobic bioreactor landfills

3. Aerobic-anaerobic bioreactor landfills

C. Features Unique to Bioreactor Landfills

D. Potential Advantages of Bioreactor Landfills

IV. LANDFILL GAS (LFG)

A. Landfill Gas Characteristics

1. Density and viscosity

2. Heat value content

3. Non-methane organic compounds

4. Water vapor

5. Others

B. Landfill Gas Composition

C. Landfill Gas Yield

D. LFG Emission

1. LFG Generation

1.1. LFG generation mechanisms

Volatilization

Biological decomposition

Stage I. Hydrolysis/aerobic degradation

Stage II. Hydrolysis and fermentation

Stage III. Acetogenesis

Stage IV. Methanogenesis

Stage V. Oxidation

1.2. Factors affecting LFG generation

1. Site characteristics

2. Waste characteristics

3. Age of the waste

4. Temperature

5. Pressure

6. Moisture content and movement

7. Atmospheric conditions

8. Oxygen concentration

9. Hydrogen concentration

10. Precipitation

11. Density of the waste

12. Nutrients and trace metals

13. Acidity

14. Inhibitors

2. LFG Transport

2.1. LFG transport mechanisms

2.2. Factors affecting LFG transport mechanisms

E. LFG Production Enhancement Methods

1. Leachate recirculation

2. pH buffering

3. Sludge addition

4. Temperature control

5. Reduced waste particle size

6. Cell design, daily cover and compaction of waste

7. Pre-treatment

V. LANDFILL GAS BEHAVIOUR.

A. LFG Movement and Migration

B. Monitoring of LFG

C. LFG Hazards

1. LFG explosion hazard

2. LFG asphyxiation hazard

3. Landfill odors

VI. MODELING OF METHANE GAS GENERATIONAND EMISSION FROM LANDFILLS

A. General

B. U.S.E.P.A. Model - Landgem

1. Model description

1.1. Input Parameters

Methane generation potential (L0)

Methane generation rate (k)

C. IPCC-First Order Decay (FOD) Model

Degradable Organic Carbon ( j DOC )

Decay rate/methane generation rate ( j k )

D. Regression Models

F. Other Models

VII. LANDFILL GAS ENERGY SYSTEMS

A. LFG Collection System

Passive venting

Physical barriers

Pumping extraction systems

B. LFG Pretreatment System

C. LFG Utilization System

1. Combustion technologies (Flaring Practices) LFG flaring

1.1. Open flame flares

1.2. Enclosed flame flares

1.3. Other enclosed combustion technologies

2. Non-combustion technologies

2.1. Energy recovery technologies

2.2. Gas to product conversion technologies

VIII. CASE STUDY: CALGARY BIOCELL PROJECT

A. Introduction

B. The Calgary Biocell: Background and Construction Phase

C. Operation of the Calgary Biocell

1. Biocell stage 1: Anaerobic decomposition with gas extraction

2. Biocell stage 2: Aerobic decomposition

3. Biocell stage 3: Mining for recovery of useful/recyclable products

D. Summary and Conclusions

REFERENCES

NOTATIONS

LANDFILL GAS: GENERATION. MODELS AND ENERGY RECOVERY

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LANDFILL GAS CHARACTERISTICSAND GENERATION MECHANISMS

3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR LANDFILL GASPRODUCTION PREDICTION

The Triangular Model

First Order Decay Model: The Scholl Canyon Equation

Software Application of First Order Decay Model: Landgem

Modified First Order Model.

4. THE ESTIMATION OF K AND L0 IN THE MODELS

5. APPLICATION OF THE MODELS TO A STUDY CASE

6. ENERGY RECOVERY

7. MANAGEMENT OPTION TO IMPROVE ENERGY RECOVERY

CONCLUSION

ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY FROMBIOMASS: THE BIOREFINERY APPROACH. CONCEPTOVERVIEW AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION

2. APPROACHING BIOREFINERY: DEFINITION,CRITERIA AND CHARACTERISTICS

2.1. Background and Current Status

2.2. Criteria for Biorefinery System

2.3. Fossils vs. Biomass as Raw Materials

3. OVERVIEW OF BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCKS,PROCESSES AND PLATFORMS

3.1. Biorefinery Feedstocks

3.1.1. Sugar crops

3.1.2. Starch crops

3.1.3. Oil based materials

3.1.4. Grasses

3.1.5. Lignocellulosic materials

3.1.6. Organic residues and others

3.2. Technological Processes

3.2.1. Thermochemical processes

3.2.2. Biochemical processes

3.2.3. Mechanical/physical processes

3.2.4. Chemical processes

3.3. Platforms

3.3.1. Biogas

3.3.2. Syngas

3.3.3. Hydrogen

3.3.4. C6 sugars

3.3.5. C5 sugars

3.3.6. Levulinic acid

3.3.7. Furfural

3.3.8. Pyrolytic liquid

3.3.9. Vegetable oil

3.3.10. Organic juice

4. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIOREFINERY SYSTEMS:A CASE STUDY

4.1. Introduction to LCA

4.2. Goal and Scope Definition

4.2.1. Biorefinery: scope and system boundaries

4.2.2. Biorefinery material products

4.2.3. Biorefinery energy products

4.2.4. Fossil reference system

4.2.5. Functional unit

4.2.6 Allocation

4.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment

4.3.1. Results and interpretation

4.3.2. Allocation results

5. CONCLUSION

PINCH TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE HEAT RECOVERYAPPLICATIONS IN OIL INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION

TARGETING USING GRAPHICAL METHOD

Constructing the Composite Curves

TARGETING USING ALGEBRAIC METHOD.

Information needed

1. Constructing Temperature Iinterval Diagram

2. Constructing Tables of Exchangeable Heat Loads and Cooling Capacities

3. Constructing Thermal Cascade Diagrams

TARGETING USING MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING METHOD

CONSTRUCTING THE GRAND COMPOSITE CURVE (G.C.C)

Multiple Utility Targeting/Selection using Grand Composite Curve (GCC)

Understanding and Applying the Grand Composite Curve

HEAT EXCHANGERS NETWORK (HEN) SYNTHESIS

The Pinch Design Method

HEN DESIGN METHOD

Four Streams Problem Example

Start at the Pinch

The CP(FCp) inequality for individual matches

The CP(FCp) table

The "tick-off" heuristic

Streams Splitting

PART II. HEAT INTEGRATION APPLICATIONS IN OIL INDUSTRY

Oil and Gas Separation Plant Process Description

Heat Integration Application in Oil and Gas Separation Facility

TREATMENT OF SECONDARY SLUDGEFOR ENERGY RECOVERY

2. SECONDARY SLUDGE TREATMENT METHODS

2.1. Incineration

2.2. Pyrolysis

2.3. Gasification

2.4. Direct Liquefaction

2.5. Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO)

2.6. Anaerobic Digestion

3. DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON OF TREATMENT METHODS

4. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE: COMPARISONOF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY COMBINATIONS

MSW Characteristics and Pre-treatment

Combustion with Energy Recovery

Gasification with Energy Recovery

Pyrolysis with Energy Recovery

Anaerobic Digestion

Comparison of Thermal Processes

Comparison of Integrated Energy Recovery Systems

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTEINCINERATION: LINKING THE SYSTEMSOF ENERGY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF WASTE INCINERATION IN SWEDEN

Historical Development.

Waste Incineration in Sweden Today

Waste incineration and district heating

Waste incineration and combined heat and power production

Waste and Connection to the Material Market

CONNECTION BETWEEN COUNTRIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNIONVIA LEGISLATION AND TRADE AND THE IMPACTON THE SWEDISH WASTE INCINCERATION

European Legislation Affecting Energy and Waste

European Differences in Waste Management and Use of District Heating

Impact on Waste Incineration in Sweden of Waste Trade with SomeEuropean Countries

Impact on Waste Incineration of Trade in Electricity

DISCUSSION OF TWO POLICY INSTRUMENTS

Introduction of a Tax on Incinerated Waste in Sweden

Green Electricity Certificates and Waste Incineration

MODELS AS DECISION SUPPORT

Models and How to Handle the Double Function of Waste Incineration

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A COMBINEDRECOVERY SYSTEM

EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS

HEAT PIPE SYSTEMS

EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS

SENSIBLE HEAT RECOVERED

Combined System

Analysis of Results

Temperature

Evaporative cooling system

Heating and cooling mode analysis

Heat Pipes System

LATENT HEAT RECOVERED

Air Flow

VxT interaction

TOTAL HEAT RECOVERED

Evaporative Cooler

Airflow Analysis

SUMMARY

Sensible Heat

Latent Heat

Total Heat

CONCLUSIONS

ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS FROM INDUSTRIALPLANT WASTE: PLANNING OF AN INDUSTRIAL PARKLOCATED IN THE SOUTH OF ITALY

1. A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOF INDUSTRIAL PARKS

1.1. Environmental Qualification of Industrial Parks.

1.2. Principles of Industrial Ecology.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-61728-402-5

OCLC:

662457849