Physiological and ecological adaptations to feeding in vertebrates / editors, J. Matthias Starck, Tobias Wang.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Starck, J. Matthias, 1958-

Wang, Tobias.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Digestion.

Physiology, Comparative.

Adaptation (Biology).

Animal feeding.

Physical Description:

viii, 423 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Enfield, NH : Science Publishers, c2005.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Responding to recent interest in the gastrointestinal tract as a model for studies in physiological and ecological adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions, this collection summarizes the current state of knowledge from an integrative perspective. The contributors come from the fields of comparative morphology, nutritional physiology, eco

Contents:

Intro

Preface

List of Contributors

Contents

1. Diversity of Vertebrate Feeding Systems

SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION

MORPHOLOGY OF THE FEEDING APPARATUS

OVERVIEW OF VERTEBRATE FEEDING

Feeding Mode, Sensory Biology and Foraging Strategy

Vertebrate Feeding Stages

Capture/Subjugation

Ingestion

Intraoral Transport

Processing

Swallowing

CONSEQUENCES OF FEEDING-TAXONOMIC HIGHLIGHTS

Fishes

Amphibians

Nonavian Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

General Patterns

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

2. Concepts of Digestive Efficiency

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

FACTORS AFFECTING DIGESTIVE EFFICIENCY

Dietery Effects

Animal Effects

Particle size and mastication

Level of food intake

Digestive tract capacity

Morphological features that retard digesta flow

Hydrolytic enzymatic activity

Absorptive capacities

CONCLUSION

Acknowledgment

3. Carbohydrate Hydrolysis and Absorption: Lessons from Modeling Digestive Function

MODELING GUT FUNCTION: LESSONS FROM NECTAR- AND FRUIT-EATING BIRDS

Guts as Chemical Reactors

General features of digestion models

Morphological analogies

Reactor Models Applied to Nectar- and Fruit-eating Birds

Modeling from the bottom up: tractability from digestive simplicity

Mismatch between predictions about digestive strategies and empirical data

Second Generation Reactor Models: Gut Function in Nectar-eating Birds

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Acknowledgements

4. Digestive Constraints in Mammalian and Avian Ecology

DIGESTIVE CONSTRAINTS: SIGNIFICANCE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES

DEFINING THE LIMITS: MAGNITUDE OF OVERALL DIGESTIVE CAPACITY AND ITS MEASUREMENT IN FEEDING TRIALS.

DEFINING MECHANISMS: DIGESTIVE FEATURES THAT MIGHT LIMIT OVERALL DIGESTIVE CAPACITY

Limited Gastrointestinal Tract Volume as a Digestive Constraint

Limited Rate of Mechanical Breakdown as a Digestive Constraint

Limited Rate of Biochemical Breakdown as a Digestive Constraint

Limited Rate of Nutrient Absorption as a Digestive Constraint

HOW QUICKLY DOES DIGESTIVE CAPACITY INCREASE?

Long-term Digestive Capacity-How High can it Go?

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

5. Paracellular Intestinal Absorption of Carbohydrates in Mammals and Birds

INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carrier-mediated Transport

Modulation of Solute Uptake Capacities

Nonmediated Uptake of Carbohydrates

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF PARACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE UPTAKE IN MAMMALS

ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY THE AVIAN INTESTINE

Mechanistic Examinations of Paracellular Uptake

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

6. Mass-Balance Models for Animal Isotopic Ecology

STABLE ISOTOPES: TERMINOLOGY PRIMER

Fractionation

Terminology: Caveat

MIXING MODELS: GUIDE FOR THE PERPLEXED

Linear Mixing Models

Concentration-dependent Mixing Models

Isotopic Routing

Macronutrient Concentration-dependent Mixing Models

Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis: Is It a Way Out?

DYNAMICS OF ISOTOPIC INCORPORATION

POTENTIAL MECHANISMS BEHIND A MAGICAL NUMBER WHY DOES delta15N INCREASE WITH TROPHIC LEVEL?

Mass-Balance Model for Body Nitrogen

Effect of Diet Varying in Protein Content on 15Nbody-diet

The Effect of Protein Quality on 15Nbody-diet

Do Fasting Animals Get Heavier? Effect of Negative Nitrogen Balance on delta15N

Are Growing Animals Lighter? Effect of Growth on delta15N.

Testing and Refining Nitrogen Isotopic Composition Mass balance Models

CONCLUDING REMARKS: ECOLOGICAL PATTERN, SEARCH FOR MECHANISTIC EXPLANATIONS, AND ROLE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGISTS

7. Structural Flexibility of the Digestive System of Tetrapods - Patterns and Processes at the Cellular and Tissue Level

BIRDS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS BETWEEN DIET SWITCHING, HYPERPHAGIA, AND FASTING

Induced Changes vs Seasonal Changes

Phenotypic Responses of the Gastrointestinal System: Patterns and Processes at the Level of Cells and Tissue

CROCODILES

SQUAMATES

FROGS

MAMMALS

Conclusions

COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

8. Adaptive Interplay Between Feeding Ecology and Features of the Digestive Tract in Birds

CONSTRAINTS ON SIZE OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS

Space

Mass

Energy Turnover

CHANGING ORGAN SIZES IN GALLIFORMES, PASSERINES, WADERS, AND WATERFOWL

Interspecific Comparisons

Intraspecific Comparisons

Gizzard

Intestine

Liver

FLEXIBILITY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT: DIET-RELATED VARIATIONS WITHIN RED KNOTS

FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DIGESTIVE TRACT: COMPARISONS AMONG WADERS

GENERAL DISCUSSION

9. Gastrointestinal Responses to Fasting in Mammals: Lessons from Hibernators

GASTROINTESTINAL RESPONSES TO FASTING IN NONHIBERNATING MAMMALS

Morphological Changes

Functional Changes

GASTROINTESTINAL RESPONSES TO FASTING IN MAMMALIAN HIBERNATORS

Morphological Changes in Hibernators

Functional Changes in Hibernators

Bile Production

Gastrointestinal Motility

Gastric Function

Intestinal Brush Border Enzymes

Intestinal Nutrient and Electrolyte Transport

Urea Recycling

Mucosal Immune System.

Gastrointestinal Response to Stress during Hibernation

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FASTING IN MAMMALIAN HIBERNATORS

CONCLUSIONS

10. Interplay between Diet, Microbes, and Immune Defenses of the Gastrointestinal Tract

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ANIMALS AND THEIR MICROFLORA

COMMENSAL MICROFLORA

GASTROINTESTINAL DEFENSES

Physical Defenses of the Mucosal Epithelium

Secretions

Mucosal Immune System

Variability in the GALT

Functional Responses of the Intestinal Immune System

IgA responses in the GAL T

Cell-mediated responses

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

11. Effects of Digestion on the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Physiology of Amphibians and Reptiles

CHANGES IN METABOLISM DURING DIGESTION

EFFECTS OF DIGESTION ON ACID-BASE STATUS

Alkaline tide and its causes

Ventilatory Compensation of the Alkaline Tide

PARADOXICAL BEHAVIOR OF ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES DURING SDA

CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS TO ELEVATED METABOLIC RATE

Postprandial Intestinal Hyperaemia

Increased Heart Rate and Cardiac Output During Digestion

HEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND CHANGES IN BLOOD OXYGEN AFFINITY

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIGESTION AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND SOME PROSPECTIVES

12. Specific Dynamic Action in Ectothermic Vertebrates: A Review of the Determinants of Postprandial Metabolic Response in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles

CHARACTERIZATION OF METABOLIC RESPONSE TO FEEDING: SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION

FACTORS AFFECTING POSTPRANDIAL METABOLISM

Meal Size Effects

Composition of Diet

Effects of Venom

Scaling Effects

Feeding Frequency Effects

Temperature Effects.

INTERACTION OF SDA AND OTHER METABOLICALLY DEMANDING ACTIVITIES

CONCLUDING REMARKS

13. Control of Gut Motility and Secretion in Fasting and Fed Nonmammalian Vertebrates

ANATOMY OF GUT AND GUT WALL

CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE GUT

Autonomic Innervation of the Gut

Vagus

Spinal autonomic system innervating the gut

Enteric nervous system

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

Gut Hormones and Neurotransmitters Affecting Motility and Secretion

Cholecystokinin

Gastrin-releasing peptide

Ghrelin

Changes in Innervation between (prolonged) Fasting and Fed Stages in Nonmammalian Species

Development of ENS in Relation to Onset of Feeding

CONTROL OF GUT MOTILITY

Motility During Fasting

Spontaneous contractions

Migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

Consequences of Feeding on Gut Motility

Reception and miking of food in the stomach

Gastric emptying and intestinal transit

Peristalsis of the intestine

CONTROL OF SECRETION

Gastric Acid Secretion

Basal levels of gastric acid secretion

Feeding and gastric acid Secretion

Stimulation of acid secretion

Pepsin/Pepsinogen Secretion

Secretion of Bicarbonate

14. Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on the Physiology of Environmental Adaptation in Fish

EFFECTS OF TISSUE FA PHENOTYPE ON RESPIRATORY METABOLISM AND TOLERANCE OF HYPOXIA

DIFFERENT LEVEL OF ORGANISMAL ORGANIZATION: EFFECTS OF TISSUE FATTY ACID PHENOTYPE ON PERFORMANCE OF THE HEART

EFFECTS OF TISSUE FATTY ACID PHENOTYPE ON SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

EFFECTS OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON OSMOREGULATORY CAPACITY

EFFECTS OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCE OF FISH LARVAE

MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS.

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF DIETARY FATTY ACID AVAILABILITY FOR NATURAL FISH POPULATIONS.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-281-94850-0

9786611948504

1-57808-650-7

OCLC:

300858148