Large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics : and application for atmospheric energetics / Yong Zhu.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Zhu, Yong, Ph. D.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Atmospheric thermodynamics.

Atmospheric physics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (647 p.)

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge International Science Pub., 2004.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

There are large-scale fluid systems in the gravity field, such as the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, which posses some features different from those of classical thermodynamic systems. For example, the oceans and atmosphere possess in homogeneous melt equilibrium states with the same amount of mass and energy. The zeroth law of classical thermodynamics can be applied for the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems, and the irreversible variations may not be explained only by the change of classical thermodynamic entropy. Therefore, there has been a need for a new theory to study the particular systems. This book introduces a new science, called large-scale inhomogeneous thermodynamics, to study the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems. The first eight chapters of the book illustrate the basic theories of inhomogeneous thermodynamics. Special attention is paid to the differences between the irreversible processes in a classical thermodynamic system and an inhomogeneous thermodynamic system. New physical concepts and relationships are introduced to study irreversible processes in the inhomogeneous thermodynamic systems which the classical thermodynamics fails to explain. With the new theories introduced, we are able to estimate more realistically how much the kinetic energy is created everyday in, for example, the Earth's atmosphere and oceans and improve greatly the predictions for development and movement of atmospheric set disturbances such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Examples are given in the book, together with the successful interpretation of the climatological distributions of the baroclinic storm tracks, blockings, tropical cyclones and thunderstorms in the troposphere. The energyconversions, related to different floor patterns, are studied by the theory of air engines in which the p-V diagrams are different from those studied in the classical thermodynamics and maybe interesting to engineering. In particular, a new reversible heat engine is forwarded to study the mean meridional circulations in the atmosphere. The Carnot engine is only an example of the new reversible engine. The important conditions for the development of super storms, such as the low-temperature inversion and vertical winds hear, may be interpreted by the air engine theory. The effect of entrainment and detrainment in convective processes is studied by the polytropic mixing theory. Some other applications, such as in the frontogenesis, slantwise convection and multi-equilibrium states of the atmosphere, are also demonstrated. The last two chapters are devoted to the study of uncertainties in current weather and climate prediction models related to various error sources. The predictability and chaos of various physical systems are also discussed. Most of the chapters are original. As the new theories are more rigorous and the applications are more successful than in the old theories, this book brings the current science to a higher level. The problem solved in the book could not be solved before. This book is unique and it is supported solidly and by the actual data from observations. It will essential reading for professional people, and should be accepted by readers at different levels, as it is concerned more with physical philosophies other than mathematics. The mathematics is given in the easy-to-understand form. understanding. The book should be used as a text book for the students ofmeteorology, oceanography, geophysics and environmental sciences. It also provides a good reference source for those working in and studying hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and other physics subjects.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Introduction

Two classical physical systems

The Newtonian systems

Principle of friction

Dynamic entropy

Simple thermodynamic systems

Mole-number and molecular mass

Thermodynamic variables

Pressure of monatomic gas

The first law of thermodynamics

State equation of gases

State equation of ideal gases

Ideal-gas equation

More features of ideal gases

Kelvin temperature

Mixing ratio of water vapor

Thermodynamic energy law of ideal gases

Internal energy and heat exchange

Polytropic process

Molecular transport processes

Diffusion velocity and partial velocities

Diffusion element and diffusion velocity

Partial velocities

Diffusion velocity in non-uniform ideal gases

Self-diffusion of ideal gases

Diffusive mass flux

Coefficient of self-diffusion

Viscosity of ideal gases

Diffusive momentum flux

Momentum conduction

Coefficient of viscosity

Relation to self-diffusion

Heat conduction of ideal gases

Conductive heat flux

Heat conductivity

Modified Eucken formula

Collisional heat capacity

Comparison with experiments

Predictability and thermodynamic entropy

Change rate in diffusion processes

Mass conservation law

Mass diffusion equation

Mass conservation

Diffusive transport equation

Unpredictability in classical thermodynamics

Thermodynamic entropy law for uniform states

Thermodynamic entropy change of non-uniform state

Inadditive and scale-dependent features

Thermodynamic entropy balance equation

Relation to dynamic entropy

Calculations for ideal gases

Newtonian-thermodynamic system

Field variables

Parcel and parcel velocity

Mass and heat transport equations

Continuity equations

Integrated variations in a system.

General continuity equation

Heat flux equation

Heat conduction equation

Inhomogeneous thermodynamic system

Adiabatic and transport processes

Inhomogeneous thermodynamics

Momentum equation of atmosphere

Pressure gradient force

Navier-Stokes equation

Shallow water dynamics

Turbulent entropy and universal principle

Thermodynamic entropy of turbulent system

Simple turbulent process

Thermodynamic entropy changes

Grid thermometers

Turbulent thermodynamic entropy

Turbulent entropy law

Difference from classical thermodynamic entropy

General discussion

Example

Turbulent entropy and disorderliness

Universal principle

The principle

Applications

Partition functions

Heat capacity and van der Waals equation

Einstein function

van der Waals equation

Basic conservation laws

Parcel and local energy equations

Mechanic energy equation

Bernoulli's equation

Principle of kinetic energy degradation

Local energy equation

System energy equation

From kinetic theory of gases

For the whole atmosphere

For a part of atmosphere

Energy conversions

Conversion functions

Total potential energy and enthalpy

Potential enthalpy conservation

Thermodynamic and geopotential entropies

Thermodynamic entropy variations

General expression

Variation tendencies

Baroclinic entropy

Barotropic entropy

Thermodynamic entropy level

Static entropy

Pseudo- reversible process

The reference state

Thermo-static entropy level

Geopotential entropy

For dry air parcels

For the dry atmosphere

Available enthalpy

Constraint relationships

Variational approach

The lowest state.

Maximum available enthalpy

Approximate approach

The lowest state

Maximum available enthalpy

Thermodynamic entropy variation

Geopotential entropy variations

Discontinuous examples

Baroclinic example

Barotropic example

Thermodynamic and geopotential entropy variations

Continuous solutions

Dry processes of energy conversion

Dependence on process

Sudden warming and cooling

Temperature variation

Kinetic energy production

Change of surface pressure

Surface pressure and static stability

Surface pressure change

Change of the thickness

Change of static stability

Partition of available enthalpy

Final mean static stability

Change of barotropic entropy

Change of thermo-static entropy

Available moist enthalpy

Moist potential enthalpy

Thermodynamic entropy production

Dry reference state

Moist reference state

The isoperimetric problem

Examples of lowest state

General and approximate relationships

Examples of available moist enthalpy

Moist processes of energy conversion

Saturated reference state

Saturated humidity profile

Minimum precipitation

Temperature profile

Effect of baroclinity

Effect of horizontal humidity gradient

Available enthalpy of reference state

Threshold static instability

Equivalent baroclinic and barotropic entropies

Equivalent thermo-static entropy level

Available enthalpy in the atmosphere

In the Northern Hemisphere

Distributions in winter and summer

Relation to extratropical cyclones

Relation to blocking systems

In the Southern Hemisphere

Development of low system

Baroclinic entropy.

Zonal mean distributions

Least thermodynamic entropy production

The highest static stabilities

Available moist enthalpy in the atmosphere

Distribution of moist energy sources

Relation to storm tracks

Tropical and extratropical tropospheres

Relation to thunderstorms

Relation to precipitation

Relation to tropical cyclones

A case of typhoon recurvature

Typhoon Orchid recurvature

Subtropical cyclones

Threshold surface temperature

Energy budget

Self-feeding mechanism

A case of explosive cyclone

Energy steering mechanism

Baroclinic entropy distribution

Low-level moist jet

States of maximum thermodynamic entropy

Heat-death ideal gas

Heat-death geophysical air mass

Heat-death atmosphere

Kinetic-death atmosphere

Isentropic atmosphere

Comparison with heat-death atmosphere

Energy conservation constraint

Kinetic equilibrium state

General expressions

In statically stable atmosphere

In statically unstable atmosphere

Principle of extremal entropy productions

Energetics of linear disturbance development

Conversion of available enthalpy

Method A

Method B

Growth of linear disturbances

Energy constraint equation

Time-dependent expression

Alternative expression

Numerical procedures

Eady wave development

Evaluation equations

Examples

Synoptic geostrophic wave development

Development of blocking waves

Wave development in stratosphere

Energetics of moving parcels

Linear atmosphere

The thermal structure

Slope of isentropic surface

Slope of isobaric surface

External forces on a parcel

Adiabatic buoyancy oscillations

Horizontal processes

Slantwise static instability.

Slantwise lapse rate

Slantwise adiabatic lapse rate

Slantwise circulation instability

Height of slantwise convection

Slantwise buoyancy oscillations

Primary air engine

Assumed cycle

General parcel energy equation

Relation to external work

Adiabatic primary air engine

Extended parcel theory

Kinetic energy created on open paths

On vertical paths

On isentropic surfaces

On upward sloping paths

On downward sloping paths

Dry air engines

Joule air engine

Joule cycle

Condition of doing positive work

Examples of kinetic energy generation

Entropy productions

Efficiency of Joule engine

Energetics of baroclinic waves

The baroclinic waves

Kinetic energy generation

Kinetic energy generation in a system

Carnot air engine

Efficiency of Carnot engine

Dependence on working substance

Equilibrium air engine

Equilibrium cycle

Entropy productions and efficiency

Wet air engines

Primary wet engine

Semi- wet Joule engine

Condition of producing kinetic energy

Efficiency

Perfect storm and negative storm

Perfect storms

Negative storms

Development of negative storm

Coupling mechanism

Cross sections of a tropospheric river

Height of tropical tropopause

Low- and high-level convection

Low-level convection

High-level convection

Multiple semi-wet Joule engine

Wet Joule engine

Polytropic mixing processes

Lateral entrainment rate

Heat capacity of mixing

Polytropic potential temperature.

Effect of entrainment on dry engines.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 597-613) and index.

ISBN:

1-904602-83-5

1-4237-2308-2

OCLC:

70744145