New trends in marine and freshwater toxins : food and safety concerns / Ana G. Cabado and Juan Manuel Vieites, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Cabado, Ana G.

Vieites, Juan Manuel.

Nova Science Publishers.

Series:

Advances in food safety and food microbiology.

Advances in food safety and food microbiology

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Marine toxins.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (415 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2012.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Numerous federal, state, and local agencies share responsibilities for regulating the safety of the U.S. food supply. Federal responsibility for food safety rests primarily with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The combined efforts of the food industry and government regulatory agencies are often credited with making the U.S. food supply among the safest in the world. This book provides an overview of the organization, regulatory tools, and resources in place to adequately monitor food safety in the United States

Contents:

Intro

NEW TRENDS IN MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS: FOOD AND SAFETY CONCERNS

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL SEAFOOD AND FRESHWATER TOXINS: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD-BORNE ILLNESS

ABSTRACT

1.1. FRESHWATER TOXINS DIVERSITY AND OCCURRENCE

1.1.1. Microcystins (MC)

1.1.2. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)

1.1.3. Anatoxin-a

1.1.4. Nodularins (NOD)

1.2. MARINE TOXINS DIVERSITY AND OCCURRENCE

1.2.1. Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

1.2.2. Okadaic Acid (OA)

1.2.3. Domoic Acid (DA)

1.2.4. Palytoxin (PlTX)

1.2.5. Ciguatoxin (CTX)

1.2.6. Brevetoxin (BTX)

1.3. TOXINS FROM FRESHWATER AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS

1.3.1. β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)

1.3.2. Saxitoxin and Analogues (STXs)

1.4. FOOD-BORN ILLNESS PRODUCED BY MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: TOXIC HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. DEFINITION OF HARMUL ALGAL BLOOMS

1.1.1. Harmful

1.1.2. Algal

1.1.3. Blooms

1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HABS

Ecological Role of Toxins

Residence Time and Hydrography

Role of Flotation and Swimming

Temperature and Water Column Stratification

Benthic Ecology

Immigration

Grazing

1.3. ENVIRONMENTAL GENERALIZATIONS

1.4. UNKNOWN TOXINS AND EFFECTS

1.5. ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS

1.6. SPECIFIC CASES

Chapter 3: HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS AND FOOD SAFETY: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING TOXIN PRODUCTION AND THEIR ACCUMULATION IN SHELLFISH

1.1. INTRINSIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT TOXIN PRODUCTION BY MICROALGAE.

1.1.1. Differences in Toxin Profile and Cell Toxin Content (Qt)

1.1.2. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Producing Microalgae

1.1.3. Genetic Analyses of Toxin Production by Microalgae

1.1.4. Influence of Cell Cycle Stages, Life Cycle and Behaviour

1.1.5. Phases of Population Growth

1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT TOXIN PRODUCTION BY MICROALGAE

1.2.1. Abiotic Factors

1.2.2. Biotic Factors

1.3. HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS, EUTROPHICATION AND SHELLFISH CONTAMINATION

1.4. TOXIN ACCUMULATION IN SHELLFISH: A BALANCE BETWEEN UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION

1.4.1. Filtration

1.4.2. Pre-Ingestive Selection and Rejection

1.4.3. Post-Ingestive Selection and Absorption

1.4.4. Enzymatic Biotransformation

1.4.5. Elimination (Depuration)

1.4.6. Allometric Effects

Chapter 4: SOLID-PHASE ADSORPTION PASSIVE SAMPLING: REVIEW OF A MONITORING TOOL TRACKING IN SITU MARINE AND FRESHWATER TOXINS

1.1. PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND GENESIS OF SPATT

1.2. SPATT SAMPLER DESIGNS: BAGS AND DISCS

1.3. SPATT AND ADSORPTION OF HYDROPHILIC ALGAL TOXINS

1.4. CYANOBACTERIA

1.5. LIPOPHILIC MARINE BIOTOXINS AND SPATT FIELD TRIALS

1.5.1. New Zealand

1.5.2. Scotland

1.5.3. Australia

1.5.4. Ireland

1.5.5. Spain

1.5.6. Norway

1.6. SPATT MONITORING AND FOOD SAFETY

Chapter 5: PHYCOTOXINS BIOTRANSFORMATIONS, SHELLFISH DETOXIFICATION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

1.1. ENZYMATIC BIOTRANSFORMATIONS, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND CHANGES IN THE SHELLFISH TOXIC PROFILE

1.1.1. Lipophilic Toxins

1.1.2. Hydrophilic Toxins

1.2. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF TOXINS

1.3. HUMAN DETOXIFICATION

1.3.1. Non- Toxic Algal Feeding Detoxification

1.4. INDUSTRIAL DETOXIFICATION.

1.4.1. Decrease of Lipophilic Toxins

1.4.2. Decrease of PSP Toxins

1.4.3. Decrease of Domoic Acid Content

Chapter 6: ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE OF PHYCOTOXINS, NEW INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR TOXICOLOGY AND CONSEQUENCES ON EUROPEAN LEGISLATION

1.1. NEW TRENDS RELATED TO TOXICOLOGY

1.1.1. Hydrophilic Toxins

1.1.2. Lipophilic Toxins

1.2. EUROPEAN UNION REGULATION OF MARINE BIOTOXIN CONTENTS IN SHELLFISH. RISK ASSESSMENT AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ACUTE REFERENCE DOSES AND LEGAL LIMITS

1.3. REVISION OF TOXICITY DATA AND OF EUROPEAN UNION MAXIMUM LEGAL LIMITS FOR MARINE BIOTOXINS

1.3.1. Hydrophilic Toxins

1.3.2. Lipophilic Toxins

1.3.3. Processing of Bivalve Mollusks and Its Effect on the Level of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Chapter 7: BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PHYCOTOXINS: BIOASSAYS AND IN VITRO ASSAYS

1.1. Marine Toxins Detection

1.2. In Vitro Assays

Chapter 8: CHEMICAL METHODS FOR DETECTING PHYCOTOXINS: LC AND LC/MS/MS

1.1. Hydrophilic Toxins

1.2. Lipophilic Toxins

1.3. Lipophilic Toxins whose Effects have not been Demonstrated in Humans

Chapter 9: IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF TOXIC ALGAE AND PHYCOTOXINS: IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE, ELISAS AND OTHER INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES

1.1. Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies

1.2. Immunofluorescence: Microscopy, Flow Cytometry and Flow Cam with Toxic Algae

1.3. ELISAs for Natural Biotoxin Control

1.4. Phage Display Libraries for Identification of Marine Toxins

1.5. Biosensor Detection of Algal Toxins

1.6. Lateral Flow Immunochromatography.

CONCLUSION

Chapter 10: SHELLFISH TOXIN MONITORING SYSTEM IN JAPAN AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES

INTRODUCTION

Monitoring System for Shellfish Toxins

Development of Alternative Testing Method to Mouse Bioassay in Japan

Monitoring System for Shellfish Toxins in other Asian Countries

Chapter 11: BIOTOXIN CONTROL PROGRAMS IN NORTH, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES

1.2. NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Canada

Mexico

United States

1.2. CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Belize

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

1.3. SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Peru

Uruguay

Venezuela

1.4. Global Standardization

Chapter 12: PHYTOPLANKTON AND BIOTOXIN MONITORING PROGRAMS FOR THE SAFE EXPLOITATION OF SHELLFISH IN EUROPE

1.1. EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION FOR BIOTOXINS IN EUROPE

1.2. BIOTOXIN MONITORING SYSTEMS IN EUROPE: A HARMONISED NETWORK?

1.2.1. Description of Official Control Systems and Guidance Given on End-Product Control

1.2.2. Verification of the Control Systems Implemented by EU Member States

1.3. FAILURES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS

1.4. OUTLOOK

1.4.1. Global Change Impacting on Harmful Algae and Biotoxin Occurrence

1.4.2. Monitoring of Biological Effects and Emerging Toxins

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher.

ISBN:

1-61470-398-1

OCLC:

834143015