Extreme weather : forty years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) / edited by Robert K. Doe.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tornado and Storm Research Organisation, author.

Contributor:

Tornado and Storm Research Organisation, author.

Doe, Robert K., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Climatic extremes--Great Britain.

Climatic extremes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (381 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

West Sussex, England : Wiley Blackwell, 2016.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

"This book will be aimed primarily at researchers in the field of meteorology and climatology looking for a reference to extreme weather in the UK."--Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Notes on Contributors

Foreword

Preface

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1 Researching Extreme Weather in the United Kingdom and Ireland: The History of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation, 1974-2014

1.1 Introduction: The Early Years

1.2 International T-Scale: Theoretical Basis

1.2.1 Hailstorm Research

1.2.2 Temperature Extremes for the British Isles

1.3 Tornado Research Organisation

1.4 The Inaugural Issue of The Journal of Meteorology

1.5 Storm-Damage Site and Track Investigations

1.6 Birmingham Tornado of 28 July 2005

1.7 TORRO Conferences

1.8 The Future

Acknowledgements

Additional information

References

Part I Tornadoes

Chapter 2 Historical tornadoes in the British Isles

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Etymology of the Word Tornado

2.3 Terminology

2.4 Accuracy and Completeness of the Records

2.5 Analysis of Historical Tornadoes

2.6 Examples of Historical Tornado Reports

2.7 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 3 Supercell and Non-supercell Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Structure and Life Cycle of a Storm Cell

3.3 Storm Mode: An Overview of Single-Cell, Multicell and Supercell Convection

3.4 Tornadoes in Supercell and Non-supercell Storms

3.4.1 Synoptic Situations Associated with Tornadoes in the United Kingdom

3.5 Towards a Climatology of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type

3.6 Monthly and Annual Frequencies of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type

3.7 Spatial Distribution of Tornadoes by Synoptic Type

3.8 Morphology of Tornadic Storms

3.9 Association of Supercells with Giant Hail

3.10 Case Studies of Supercell and Non-supercell Tornadoes

3.10.1 Case 1: The Cold Front of 29 November 2011

3.10.2 Case 2: The English Midlands Supercells of 28 June 2012.

3.10.3 Case 3: The West Cornwall Supercell of 16 December 2012

3.11 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 4 Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Frequency and Spatial Distribution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The TORRO Database

4.3 Tornado Frequency for the United Kingdom and Ireland: 1981-2010

4.3.1 Annual Number of Tornadoes and Tornado Days

4.3.2 Season and Month of Occurrence

4.3.3 Hour of Occurrence

4.3.4 Intensities

4.3.5 Track Lengths

4.3.6 Maximum Track Widths

4.3.7 Directions of Travel

4.4 Spatial Distribution of Tornadoes in the United Kingdom and Ireland

4.4.1 Simple Mapping of the Database

4.5 Issues with Mapping

4.6 Kernel Density Mapping of Tornado Distribution

4.7 The 'London Metropolitan' Anomaly

4.8 The Isle of Wight and South Coast Anomaly

4.9 Concluding Remarks

Additional Information

Kernel Density Estimation

Voronoi Tessellations

Chapter 5 Tornado Extremes in the United Kingdom: The Earliest, Longest, Widest, Severest and Deadliest

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Earliest Tornado

5.3 Other Whirlwinds (First UK Record Only)

5.4 Longest Tornado Track

5.5 Widest Tornado Track

5.6 Severest Tornado

5.7 Largest Outbreaks

5.8 Highest Death Toll

5.9 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 6 Site Investigations of Tornado Events

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Getting Started: How Site Investigations Come About

6.3 Site Investigation Methods

6.4 Site Investigation Outcomes: The Growing Understanding of UK Tornadoes

6.5 Site Investigation Experience

6.6 Concluding Remarks

Part II Thunderstorms and Lightning

Chapter 7 Epic Thunderstorms in Britain and Ireland

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Selected Epic Thunderstorm Events

7.2.1 2-3 August 1879.

7.2.2 5-10 June 1910

7.2.3 7-10 July 1923

7.2.4 17-18 July 1926

7.2.5 28-29 August 1930

7.2.6 18-22 June 1936

7.2.7 The West Country Thunderstorm of 4 August 1938

7.2.7.1 General and Synoptic Background

7.2.7.2 Morning Thunderstorms in Devon and Cornwall

7.2.7.3 Lightning and Flood Damage

7.2.7.4 Organisation of the Storms in the South-West

7.2.8 5 September 1958

7.2.9 22-24 June 1960

7.2.10 8-9 August 1975

7.2.11 13-14 June 1977

7.2.12 25-26 July 1985

7.2.13 24 May 1989

7.2.14 8-9 August 1992

7.2.15 24 June 1994

7.3 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8 Thunderstorm Observing in the United Kingdom: A Personal Diary of Days with Thunder 1953-2013

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Early Observations

8.2.1 Thunderstorm Observing

8.3 Thunderstorms of the 1960s

8.3.1 The 'Days with Thunder Heard' Statistic

8.3.2 Back to the 1960s

8.4 Thunderstorms of the 1970s

8.5 Thunderstorms of the 1980s

8.6 The Forecasting of Thunderstorms

8.7 Back to the 1980s

8.8 Thunderstorms of the 1990s

8.9 The Most Recent Thunderstorms: 2000-2013

8.10 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9 Severe Hailstorms in the United Kingdom and Ireland: A Climatological Survey with Recent and Historical Case Studies

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Establishment of a Tornado and Storm Research Organisation Research Database of Hail Events

9.2 Assessing the Intensity of Hail Falls

9.2.1 Hailstorm Intensity Scale

9.2.2 Kinetic Energy

9.2.3 Hailstone Size and Damage

9.2.4 Other Factors Affecting Damage

9.3 Annual Frequency of Hail

9.3.1 All Significant, Damaging Hailstorms

9.3.2 Frequency of Extreme, Destructive Hailstorms

9.3.3 Comparisons with Continental Europe

9.4 Seasonal Occurrence of Hail.

9.4.1 General Seasonal Incidence of Hail and Damaging Hailstorms

9.4.2 Storms of H5 Intensity or More

9.4.3 Comparison with the Incidence of Thunderstorms

9.5 Geographical Distribution

9.5.1 Storms of H2 Intensity or More

9.5.2 Geographical Distribution of Storms of H5 Intensity or More

9.5.3 Point Frequencies

9.5.4 European Comparisons

9.6 Hailstorm Characteristics

9.6.1 Hail Swathes

9.6.2 Radar and Hail Swathe Identification

9.6.3 Results of Hail Swathe Analyses

9.7 Synoptic Weather Types and Hailstorms

9.7.1 Specific Synoptic Background to Hailstorms

9.8 Hour-of-Day Distribution

9.9 Summary of TORRO's Overall Findings

9.10 Twenty of the Most Severe Hailstorms

9.10.1 1687: The Alvanley Storm

9.10.2 1697: Remarkable Late Spring Storms

9.10.3 1763: The Great Kent Storm of 19 August

9.10.4 1808: The Great Somerset Hailstorm of 15 July

9.10.5 1818: Stronsay, Orkney, 24 July

9.10.6 1843: The Great Hailstorm of 9 August

9.10.7 1893: Northern England and Southern Scotland on 8 July

9.10.8 1897: The Diamond Jubilee Storm of 24 June

9.10.8.1 Thunderstorms Erupt between 1200 and 1400 UTC

9.10.8.2 The Great Hail and Windstorm across Essex

9.10.8.3 Bedfordshire Storm

9.10.8.4 The Thames Valley Storm

9.10.9 1915: 4 July

9.10.10 1935: 22 September (Sometimes Referred to as the 'Great Northamptonshire Hailstorm')

9.10.11 1958: The Horsham Hailstorm of 5 September

9.10.12 1959: 9-11 July (Including the 'Wokingham Storm')

9.10.13 1967: The Wiltshire Hailstorm of 13 July

9.10.14 1968: The 'Dust Fall' Storms of 1-2 July

9.10.15 1983: South Coast Hailstorms of 5 June

9.10.16 1983: Violent Hailstorms in North-West England on 7 June

9.10.17 1985: The Essex 'Dunmow' Hailstorm of 26 May

9.10.18 1996: The Storms of 7 June.

9.10.19 1997: The Severe Storms of FA Cup Final on Saturday, 17 May

9.10.19.1 Synoptic Background

9.10.19.2 North Hampshire/West Berkshire Downs

9.10.19.3 North Somerset and Bristol

9.10.20 2012: The Destructive English Midlands Hailstorm of 28 June

9.11 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 10 Lightning Impacts in the United Kingdom and Ireland

10.1 Lightning as a Weather Hazard

10.2 Historical Research into Lightning

10.3 Research into Lightning Impacts

10.4 Annual Number of Lightning Incidents Causing Injuries and Deaths

10.5 Lightning Injuries

10.6 Electrical Routes by Which Lightning Causes Injuries

10.7 Lightning Strikes to Groups of People

10.8 Locations to Avoid during Thunderstorms

10.9 Lightning Incidents Affecting People Indoors

10.10 The Frequency with which Lightning Strikes a Person

10.11 Fewer Deaths from Lightning Over Time

10.12 Lightning Strikes to Animals

10.13 Lightning Impacts on Aircraft and Motor Vehicles

10.14 Increasing Awareness of the Lightning Risk

Chapter 11 Ball Lightning Research in the United Kingdom

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Definitions

11.2.1 Lightning

11.2.2 Ball Lightning

11.3 What Ball Lightning Is Not

11.4 Ambiguity: Ball Lightning, Fireballs, Meteors and Meteorites

11.5 Early Beliefs about Lightning and Ball Lightning

11.6 Early Reports of Ball Lightning

11.6.1 Ball Lightning over Land

11.6.2 Ball Lightning over Rivers and the Sea

11.6.3 Ball Lightning Associated with Churches

11.6.4 Ball Lightning within Houses

11.6.5 Ball Lightning as a Precursor to Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

11.7 Interpreting Early Reports

11.7.1 1833: Early British Opinion about the Nature of Ball Lightning by Luke Howard FRS (1772-1864).

11.7.2 1837-1859: Sur le Tonnerre and Other Works by François Arago (1786-1853).

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed February 17, 2016).

ISBN:

9781118951095

1118951093

9781118949986

1118949986

9781118949962

111894996X

OCLC:

935919975