Textbook of influenza / edited by Robert G. Webster ... [et al.].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Webster, Robert G., 1932-

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Influenza.

Influenza viruses.

Influenza, Human.

Medical Subjects:

Influenza, Human.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (522 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The Textbook of Influenza is a comprehensive resource covering all aspects of influenza, from the genetic and molecular biology of the virus through to clinical aspects of the disease and the latest drug developments and treatments. This new edition has been completely revised and reflects the integration of disciplines concerning the emergence, evolution, pathogenesis and control of influenza viruses in the field of human and veterinary public health. Textbook of Influenza examines the lessons learnt from the latest pandemic and provides the current state of knowledge for many yet unresolved issues related to virus origin, spread, pathogenesis and disease severity to better prepare for future pandemics. It covers the background to recent advances in influenza genomics and reverse genetics which have allowed the identification of virus virulence factors and the analysis and reconstruction of influenza viruses such as the 1918 Spanish flu strain. This new edition is divided into eight key sections, containing chapters co-written by international experts from both the clinical and scientific communities, covering: Influenza Perspectives Structure and Replication Evolution and Ecology Epidemiology and Surveillance Immunology Vaccines and Vaccine Development Clinical Aspects and Antivirals Public Health Textbook of Influenza is for all those working in the area of influenza including clinical and basic scientists, immunologists, molecular and structural virologists, public health officials and global pandemic control planners.

Contents:

PART 1: Influenza: Perspective

1: Human influenza: One health, one world

Introduction

Global impact of influenza

Influenza in a crowded, connected, and converging world

Increasingly crowded

Increasingly connected

Convergence: poultry, pigs, people, and pandemics

Global interconnectedness requires global coordination and response

Global challenges for surveillance

Global regulations for detection and control

Global network for surveillance

New opportunities in a changing world

New tools for global detection and surveillance

Instant and converging information

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

2: Influenza pandemics: History and lessons learned

Past and recent influenza pandemics

The 1889 and 1918 pandemics

The 1957 and 1968 pandemics

Events in 1976 and 1977

The threat of an A (H5N1) pandemic

Response to the H5N1 threat

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic

Lessons learned from past influenza pandemics

Zoonotic origins and unpredictability of pandemics

Surveillance in swine was inadequate

Antigenic and structural similarities are not predictors of severity

An influenza pandemic can arise anywhere in the world

Pandemic influenza can emerge in any season

Initial retention of avian receptor binding characteristics in pandemic influenza viruses

Vaccines to pandemic influenza viruses are not available during the first wave of infection

Antivirals are the first line of defense

PART 2: Structure and replication

3: Structure, disassembly, assembly, and budding of influenza viruses

Structure and virus morphology

Structure.

Virus morphology

Disassembly

Fusion process

Release of viral RNP

Transport and assembly

Budding

Role of viral proteins

Role of the eight RNP segments

Role of host components

Bud initiation

Bud elongation and closure

4: The virus genome and its replication

The segmented RNA virus genome of influenza A and B viruses

Viral mRNA synthesis (transcription) and viral RNA replication

Regulation of viral RNA synthesis in infected cells

The role of host factors in viral RNA synthesis

Splicing and nuclear export of viral mRNAs

Nuclear export of viral RNPs

5: Influenza glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

HA and NA structures, functions, antigenicity and classification: An overview

Functions of hemagglutinin

Receptor binding

Receptor binding summary

Hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion

Membrane fusion summary

Neuraminidase

Inhibitors of HA and NA functions and potential antiviral drugs

Membrane fusion

Anti-NA drugs

Prospects for additional targets for inhibition

Antigenicity of HA and NA

Structures of complexes formed by HA and NA with antibodies

Infectivity neutralization

Variation of HA and NA

Effects of HA and NA glycosylation

Cross-reactive anti-HA antibodies

HA/NA co-variation of activity and specificity

6: Proton channels of influenza A and B viruses

Influenza A virus M2 protein

The A/M2 protein has ion channel activity that is required for efficient viral replication

M2 proton conduction mechanism

Atomic structures of the A/M2 channel

Inhibition of the A/M2 channel

New development of A/M2 channel inhibitors

Influenza B virus BM2 protein is also a proton channel

7: The NS1 protein: A master regulator of host and viral functions

General features and structures of the influenza A virus NS1 protein

Molecular and cellular functions

Inhibition of the RIG-I pathway

Inhibition of host gene expression

Inhibition of the activity of two antiviral proteins: PKR and 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)

Induction of the PI3 K by the NS1 protein

Roles of the C-terminal motifs of the NS1 protein

Other NS1 functions

Unique function of the NS1 protein of influenza B virus (B/NS1): Binding IFN-induced ISG15

Regulation of the function of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus

Impact of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus in virulence, host tropism, and immune responses

NS1 protein as an antiviral target

NS1-modified viruses as potential live attenuated vaccines

8: Structure and function of the influenza virus replication machinery and PB1-F2

Architecture of the vRNP

Atomic structure of the influenza polymerase

PA

PB2

Role of PB1-F2

Composition and structure

Functions

Evolution and adaptation

Perspectives

Note added in proof

9: The genome and its manipulation: Recovery of the 1918 virus and vaccine virus generation

The pandemic 1918 virus - an elusive killer virus is identified

Virulence and pathogenicity of pandemic 1918 virus infections

Host responses to infection with pandemic 1918 virus

Bacterial coinfections in pandemic 1918 virus infections

Viral determinants of pandemic 1918 virus pathogenicity

Hemagglutinin (HA)

Replication complex

NS1

PB1-F2

NA

Generation of vaccine viruses

10: Pathogenesis

Disease in mammalian and avian hosts

Mammalian influenza

Avian influenza.

Avian influenza virus infections in mammalian host

Pathogenic mechanisms

Tropism

Spread of infection

Virus load

Escape of host defense

Modulation of inflammatory response

Synergism between influenza viruses and bacteria

Hemagglutinin determines tropism and spread of infection

Receptor specificity

Fusion activation

Pathogenicity is a multifactorial trait: receptor specificity, N-glycosylation and fusion activity of HA determine lung pathogenicity in mice

Neuraminidase promotes virus release and destroys decoy receptors

Polymerase determines replication rates

NS1 modulates host responses

Modulation of the IFN response

Modulation of signaling cascades

Modulation of apoptosis

PB1-F2 and PA-X - other modulators of host responses

PART 3: Evolution and ecology of influenza viruses

11: Ecology and evolution of influenza viruses in wild and domestic birds

Recognition of the influenza ecosystem

Aquatic birds as the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses

Interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses

Natural reservoirs

Recognition of influenza viruses in wild birds worldwide

Wild birds: anseriformes

Wild birds: charadriiformes

Wild birds: other species

Perpetuation, replication, and transmission in the wild bird populations

Influenza in domestic birds

Recognition of influenza viruses in domestic birds worldwide

Interaction between wild and domestic birds

Terrestrial poultry

Prevalence and perpetuation in poultry

Maintenance in domestic ducks and geese

Establishment and development in terrestrial poultry

Genesis and development of highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses

HPAI H5N1 virus

H5N1 outbreaks in domestic birds

H5N1 in wild birds

H5N1 in mammals.

Interspecies transmission

Interspecies transmission from aquatic birds to terrestrial poultry

Interspecies transmission to humans and other mammals

Evolution of influenza A virus in different hosts

Evolution of influenza viruses in aquatic birds and the formation of Eurasian and American influenza gene pools

Reassortment

Evolution of influenza viruses in domestic birds

Evolution of the HPAI H5N1 virus

Conclusions and outlook

12: Influenza in swine

Influenza as a swine disease

Molecular epidemiology of swine influenza viruses

Molecular epidemiology in North America

Molecular epidemiology in Europe

Molecular epidemiology in South-East Asia

Cross-species transmission of swine influenza viruses

Swine as intermediate hosts

Challenges to the control of swine influenza

Challenges in swine influenza surveillance

Knowledge gaps

13: Equine/Canine/Feline/Seal influenza

Equine influenza

History

Pathology

Virus characterization

Vaccines

Experimental challenge models

Infectivity of EIV for humans

Canine influenza

Equine origin CIV (H3N8)

Avian origin influenza A virus H3N2

Avian origin influenza A virus H5N1

A/H1N1pdm09 virus

Other

Feline influenza

Influenza in marine mammals

14: Emergence and evolution of the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 pandemic virus strains

Definition of pandemic influenza disease

Background

Determinants of evolution and emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains

Evolution resulting from gene segment reassortment

Evolution resulting from fixation of genomic mutations

Emergence of novel virus strains

Extinction of seasonal strains

The 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 influenza virus pandemics

The H1N1 "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918

The H2N2 "Asian" pandemic virus of 1957.

pt. 1. Influenza : perspective

pt. 2. Structure and replication

pt. 3. Evolution and ecology of influenza viruses

pt. 4. Epidemiology and surveillance

pt. 5. Immunology of influenza

pt. 6. Vaccines and vaccine development

pt. 7. Clinical aspects and antivirals

pt. 8. The outbreak of H7N9.

Notes:

Description based upon print version of record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Other Format:

Print version: Webster, Robert G. Textbook of Influenza.

ISBN:

9781118636831

111863683X

9781118636817

1118636813

9781118636848

1118636848

OCLC:

856870605