Feeding and nutrition of infants and young children : guidelines for the WHO European Region, with emphasis on the former Soviet countries / Kim Fleischen Michaelsen ... [et al.].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.

Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer.

Series:

WHO regional publications. European series ; no. 87.

WHO regional publications. European series, 0378-2255 ; no. 87

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Children--Europe--Nutrition.

Children.

Nutrition policy--Europe.

Nutrition policy.

Diet therapy for children--Europe.

Diet therapy for children.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xv, 288 pages) : illustrations.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Copenhagen, Denmark : WHO Regional office for Europe, c2000.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Sets out the scientific rationale for the development of national nutrition and feeding recommendations for infants and young children in Europe. Although major emphasis is placed on recommended intakes for specific nutrients, the book also offers advice on a range of additional factors that contribute to good feeding practices and need to be addressed in national policies. Particular attention is given to conditions in countries of the former Soviet Union, where recommendations on infant nutrition and feeding practices are outdated and urgently require revision. Intended for use by policy-makers and nutrition experts in European countries, the book responds to a number of traditional dietary practices that have adverse effects on nutritional status, particularly in relation to iron deficiency anaemia. Recommendations and advice also take into account mounting evidence that optimum infant and young child feeding can reduce the risk of some of the most prevalent adult diseases, including cardiovascular disease, in European populations. The book has twelve chapters. The first outlines nutrition-related health problems in young children and reviews what is known about feeding practices, duration of exclusive breast-feeding, and introduction of complementary foods in countries of the former Soviet Union. Subsequent chapters set out recommended nutrient intakes for energy and macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. To provide a standard for assessing the adequacy of diets, recommended nutrient intakes issued by the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and WHO are presented and compared. For each nutrient, recommended intakes are further explained through the inclusion of information on the nutrient's physiological function, food sources, requirements, and the health consequences of both insufficient and excessive intakes. A separate

chapter is devoted to recommendations for the control of iron deficiency, which remains an important health problem throughout Europe. Breast-feeding and alternatives are covered in the most extensive chapter, which reviews the latest data on the many nutritional and non-nutritional benefits of breast-feeding, and discusses the importance of maternal nutrition, practical aspects of breast-feeding, and situations where alternatives may be preferable or necessary. Chapter eight, on complementary feeding, answers a number of questions about the physiological need for complementary foods and the timing of their introduction, and lists some of the best foods to prepare for infants. Subsequent chapters underscore the importance of caring practices as fundamental determinants of good nutrition and feeding, and offer advice on the interpretation of measures of attained growth as a tool for assessing nutritional status. A brief chapter on dental health explains the need to limit the intake of sugar, provide daily tooth care, and ensure appropriate fluoride intake. The book concludes with a chapter on food safety, which includes advice on the prevention of diarrhoea and food- and water-borne diseases.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Recommendations

Introduction

WHY IS THIS PUBLICATION NEEDED AND FOR WHOM IS IT INTENDED?

SOME DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN EUROPE

THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK

TERMINOLOGY

ADAPTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE GUIDELINES

REFERENCES

Chapter 1 Health and nutritional status and feeding practices

NUTRITION-RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN YOUNG CHILDREN

FEEDING PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 2 Recommended nutrient intakes

INTRODUCTION

RECOMMENDATIONS ARE DERIVED FROM REQUIREMENTS

NOMENCLATURE OF RECOMMENDED NUTRIENT INTAKES

Chapter 3 Energy and macronutrients

ENERGY

ENERGY DENSITY

PROTEIN

FAT

CARBOHYDRATES

Chapter 4 Vitamins

VITAMIN A

B VITAMINS

VITAMIN C

VITAMIN D

Appendix

Chapter 5 Minerals other than iron

IODINE

ZINC

CALCIUM

SODIUM

Chapter 6 Control of iron deficiency

PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IRON

SYMPTOMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF IRON DEFICIENCY

COMPLEMENTARY FOODS AND CONTROL OF IRON DEFICIENCY

OTHER INTERVENTIONS TO CONTROL IRON DEFICIENCY

Chapter 7 Breastfeeding and alternatives

THE IMPORTANCE OF BREASTFEEDING

NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING

NON-NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING

IMPORTANCE OF MATERNAL NUTRITION

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF BREASTFEEDING

HOW TO INCREASE THE DURATION AND INCIDENCE OF BREASTFEEDING

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO BREASTFEEDING

ALTERNATIVES TO BREASTFEEDING

Chapter 8 Complementary feeding

WHAT IS COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING?

PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION

WHY ARE COMPLEMENTARY FOODS NEEDED?

WHEN SHOULD COMPLEMENTARY FOODS BE INTRODUCED?

COMPOSITION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS.

PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS

WHAT ARE THE BEST FOODS TO PREPARE FOR INFANTS?

SOME PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOD PREPARATION

Chapter 9 Caring practices

THE UNICEF CARE INITIATIVE AND NUTRITION

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABILITY OF CAREGIVERS TO CARRY OUT OPTIMUM FEEDING PRACTICES

CARE FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN AND THE CONSEQUENCES

FEEDING YOUNG CHILDREN

PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE

RESOURCES FOR CARE

Chapter 10 Growth assessment

HOW TO MEASURE GROWTH AND USE GROWTH CHARTS

REFERENCE POPULATIONS

INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS OF ATTAINED GROWTH

CATCH-UP GROWTH

Chapter 11 Dental health

PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES

HOW CARIES ARE FORMED

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND DENTAL CARIES

PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES

Chapter 12 Food safety

MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION

Annex 1 The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent relevant resolutions of the World Health Assembly

Annex 2 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Annex 3 Infant feeding in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness.

Notes:

At head of title: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.

Includes bibliographical reference.

ISBN:

1-280-06073-5

9786610060733

92-890-1395-8

1-4175-4356-6

OCLC:

55641455