The Student's elements of geology / Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., F.R.S.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Geology.

Earth sciences.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (650 p.)

Place of Publication:

London : Electric Book Co., c2001.

Language Note:

English

Contents:

Intro

Charles Lyell

Author's Preface

Preface to Fourth Edition

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. ON THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ROCKS

Geology defined 8

Successive formation of the earth's crust 9

Aqueous rocks-stratification and imbedded fossils 10

Classification of rocks according to origin and age 10

Aërial or Æolian rocks 12

Volcanic rocks, with and without cones and craters 13

Plutonic rocks, and their relation to the volcanic 14

Metamorphic rocks, and their probable origin 15

Hypogene rocks 16

CHAPTER II. AQUEOUS ROCKS-THEIR COMPOSITION AND FORMS OF STRATIFICATION

Mineral composition of strata 18

Siliceous rocks 18

Argillaceous rocks 19

Calcareous rocks 20

Coal 23

Ripple mark 29

CHAPTER III. ARRANGEMENT OF FOSSILS IN STRATA-FRESHWATER AND MARINE

Successive deposition indicated by fossils 31

Limestones formed of corals and shells 32

Proofs of gradual increase of strata derived from fossils 33

Serpula attached to Spatangus 33

Wood bored by Teredina 34

Tripoli formed of infusoria 36

Chalk derived principally from organic bodies 37

Distinction of freshwater from marine formations 37

Freshwater and land shells-genera 38

Rules for recognising marine testacea 39

Gyrogonite and Chara 43

Alternation of marine and freshwater deposits 44

Freshwater fishes 44

Deep-sea deposits 45

Lym-Fjord 45

CHAPTER IV. CONSOLIDATION AND SUBSEQUENT ALTERATIONS OF STRATA AND PETRIFACTION OF FOSSILS.

Chemical and mechanical deposits 47

Cementing together of particles 48

Hardening deposits by exposure to air 49

Concretionary nodules 50

Consolidating effects of pressure 51

Mineralisation of organic remains 53

Fossil wood 54

Impressions and casts, how formed 54

Göppert's experiments 55.

Lime and silex in solution-sources 56

Precipitation most rapid where putrefaction is going on 56

CHAPTER V. ELEVATION OF STRATA ABOVE THE SEA-HORIZONTAL AND INCLINED STRATIFICATION

Marine strata due to the rising up of the land 58

Strata of deep sea and shallow-water origin alternate 61

Anticlinal and synclinal curves 62

Marine and freshwater beds and old land surfaces 62

Vertical, inclined, and folded strata 62

Theories to explain lateral movements 64

Dip and strike 67

Forms of outcrop 69

Structure of the Jura 69

Synclinal strata forming ridges 71

Connection of fracture and flexure of rocks 73

Faults described 74

Inverted strata 74

Superficial signs of the faults obliterated by denudation 75

Great faults the result of repeated movements 79

Unconformability 81

Overlapping strata 81

CHAPTER VI. DENUDATION

Denudation, disintegration of rocks and removal of products 83

Agents of denudation and their methods of action 84

Subaërial and marine denudation 84

Special action of wind and running water 85

Denuding powers of river affected by rise of land 88

Escarpments 89

Alluvium 91

Results of denudation 93

CHAPTER VII. JOINT ACTION OF DENUDATION, UPHEAVAL, AND SUBSIDENCE IN REMODELLING THE EARTH'S CRUST

Arrangement of rocks at great depths 97

Height of the successive strata disproportionate to thickness 99

Computation of subaërial denudation 100

Antagonism of internal energies of the globe to those on surface 101

Transfer of sediment and subterranean movements 103

Permanence and mutability of continental and oceanic areas 104

CHAPTER VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

Aqueous, aërial, plutonic, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks 106

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

Palæozoic, Mesozoic, and Cainozoic explained 107

Three principal tests of relative age 108

Change of mineral character and fossils in the same formation 109

Relative importance of mineral and palæontological characters 110

Distinct provinces of indigenous species 111

Great extent of single provinces 111

Proofs that distinct species lived at successive periods 111

Test of age by included fragments 113

Absence of strata of intervening periods 115

Tables of fossiliferous strata 116

CHAPTER IX. CLASSIFICATION OF TERTIARY FORMATIONS

Order of succession of sedimentary formations 124

Frequent unconformability of strata 125

Defectiveness of the monuments proportional to antiquity 126

Imperfection of the record 126

Nomenclature of formation 127

Reasons for studying the newer groups first 127

Detached Tertiary formations scattered over Europe 128

Value of the shell-bearing mollusca in classification 129

Classification of Tertiary strata 130

Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene explained 131

CHAPTER X. RECENT AND PLEISTOCENE PERIODS

Recent and Pleistocene periods 132

Formations of the recent Period 133

Modern littoral deposits containing works of art near Naples 133

Danish peat and shell mounds 134

Periods of stone, bronze, and iron 135

Swiss lake-dwellings 135

Pleistocene formation 136

Coexistence of man with extinct mammalia 137

Reindeer period of South of France 137

Alluvial deposit of Palæolithic age 138

Higher and Lower-level Valley gravels 138

Loess or inundation mud of the Nile, Rhine, &amp

c 142

High plateaux gravels and loess 144

Remains of man and extinct quadrupeds in cavern deposits 145

Cave of Kirkdale 146

Australian cave-breccias 147.

Geographical relationship of living and extinct vertebrata 147

Climate of the Pleistocene period 148

Extinct struthious birds of New Zealand 147

Comparative longevity of mammalia and testacea species 150

Teeth of Recent and Pleistocene mammalia 151

CHAPTER XI. PLEISTOCENE PERIOD CONTINUED.-GLACIAL CONDITIONS.1

Geographical distribution of glacial drift 155

Fundamental rocks, polished, grooved, and scratched 156

Abrading and striating powers of glaciers 157

Moraines, erratic Mocks, and 'Roches Moutonnées' 158

Alpine blocks on the Jura 159

Continental ice of Greenland 160

Ancient centres of the dispersion of erratics 162

Transportation of drift by floating icebergs 162

Bed of the sea furrowed and polished 163

CHAPTER XII. PLEISTOCENE PERIOD CONTINUED.-GLACIAL CONDITIONS CONCLUDED

Glaciation of Scotland 164

Mammoth in Scotch till 165

Marine shells in Scotch glacial drift. 165

Contorted strata in drift 167

Glaciation of Wales and England 168

List of glacial deposits 168

Marine shells of Moel Tryfaen 169

Drift of Ireland 170

Drift of Norfolk coast 171

Chillesford and Aldeby beds 172

Bridlington drift 173

Glaciation of Scandinavia and Russia 174

Glacial formations of North America 175

Glacial formations of India, New Zealand 176

Lakes and glacial action 177

Fauna of lakes 178

CHAPTER XIII. PLIOCENE PERIOD

Cromer forest-bed.Its fauna 179

Newer Pliocene 179

Norwich Crag 181

Older Pliocene strata 183

Red Crag of Suffolk 183

Coprolitic bed of Red Crag 185

White or Coralline Crag 185

Climate of the Crag deposits 189

Pliocene of Belgium 191

Newer Pliocene strata of Sicily 192

Newer Pliocene strata of the Upper Val d'Arno 195

Older Pliocene of Italy 195

Older Pliocene flora of Italy 196.

Pliocene of France 197

Pliocene of Germany 198

Pliocene of Greece 198

Vienna basin 198

Pliocene of lndia 199

Siválik fauna 199

Pliocene of United States 200

CHAPTER XIV. MIOCENE PERIOD

Faluns of Touraine 203

Miocene strata of France 203

Tropical climate implied by testacea in Miocene 204

Faluns more ancient than Suffolk Crag 205

Miocene of Bordeaux and South of France 205

Miocene of Oeningen in Switzerland 207

Plants of the Upper freshwater Molasse 208

Fossil fruit and flowers as well as leaves 209

Insects of the Upper Molasse 209

Middle or Marine Molasse of Switzerland 216

Miocene beds of the Vienna basin 216

Mayence basin 217

Miocene of Italy and Greece 217

Miocene of the United States 218

Miocene of India 219

CHAPTER XV. OLIGOCENE

Oligocene of Beyrich 220

Oligocene of France 220

Grès de Fontainebleau 221

Gypseous Lacustrine series 221

Relation of the Miocene to the Calcaire de Ia Beauce 221

Sables d'Etampes 221

Oligocene of Central France 224

Oligocene of Auvergne 225

Mammalia of the Limagne 226

Oligocene of Belgium 227

Oligocene or Lower Molasse of Switzerland 228

Flora of Lower Molasse 229

Oligocene of Italy 232

Oligocene of England 233

Oligocene of Germany 233

Oligocene of Croatia, Vienna, and India 240

CHAPTER XVI. EOCENE FORMATIONS

Eocene areas of North of Europe 242

Barton sands and clays 244

Table of English strata 244

Upper Eocene of England 244

Bracklesham beds and Bagshot sands 245

Middle Eocene of England 245

Alum Bay and Bournemouth beds 248

Bovey Tracey, Mull, and Antrim 249

Arctic Eocene flora 252

London clay fossils 253

Lower Eocene of England 253

Woolwich and Reading beds formerly called 'Plastic clay' 257.

Calcaire grossier 259.

Notes:

Cover title : Elements of geology.

"Fourth edition revised by P. Martin Duncan F.R.S., Professor of Geology in King's College London, etc."

"With a table of British fossils and more than 600 illustrations."

OCLC:

614564830