Preventing HIV/AIDS in young people : a systematic review of the evidence from developing countries / edited by David A. Ross, Bruce Dick & Jane Ferguson ; UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Young People.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ross, David A.

UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

Dick, Bruce.

Ferguson, Jane.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Young People.

UNICEF.

United Nations Population Fund.

World Health Organization.

Series:

Technical report series (World Health Organization) ; 938.

WHO technical report series ; 938

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

AIDS (Disease)--Prevention.

AIDS (Disease).

HIV infections--Prevention.

HIV infections.

Systematic reviews (Medical research).

Youth.

Developing countries.

Physical Description:

v, 348 leaves : charts, map.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Geneva, Switzerland : World Health Organization, 2006.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Young people are particularly vulnerable to HIV: 15 24 year olds account for 50% of new cases. Five to six thousand youths become infected every day, most of them in developing countries. The UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS in June 2001 set a number of goals to drive efforts to reduce prevalence in this age group. This report provides evidence-based recommendations for policy-makers, programme managers and researchers to guide efforts towards meeting the UN goals on HIV/AIDS and young people. These goals aim to decrease prevalence and vulnerability; and to increase access to information, skills and services. This report provides a systematic review the effectiveness of interventions provided: through schools, health services, mass media, communities, and to young people who are most vulnerable to HIV infection.

Contents:

Cover

Title

Copyright

Table of contents

1. Introduction and rationale

1.1 Background

1.2 Young people, HIV/AIDS and the global goals

1.3 Priorities for action

1.4 Objectives and limitations

1.4.1 Objectives

1.4.2 Limitations

1.5 Process and methodology

1.6 Scope and limitations of the data

1.7 Challenges in interpreting the findings and follow up

References

2. Young people: the centre of the HIV epidemic

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Data and methods

2.3 Types of epidemics

2.3.1 Concentrated epidemics

2.3.2 Generalized epidemics

2.4 Progress towards UNGASS commitments

2.4.1 Information

2.4.2 Education

2.4.3 Services

2.4.4 Life skills

2.4.5 Vulnerability

2.5 Limitations of the data

2.6 Conclusions

3. Overview of effective and promising interventions to prevent HIV infection

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Interventions to change behaviour

3.2.1 Voluntary counselling and testing

3.2.2 Treatment for drug addiction

3.3 Biomedical interventions: evaluating technologies

3.3.1 Reducing iatrogenic transmission

3.3.2 Managing STIs

3.3.3 Antiretrovirals to prevent HIV infection

3.3.4 Male circumcision

3.3.5 Vaccines

3.3.6 Microbicides

3.3.7 Cervical barrier methods

3.3.8 Summary

3.4 Social interventions

3.4.1 100% condom use

3.4.2 Access to syringes

3.4.3 Economic empowerment interventions for women

3.5 Behavioural and social issues in developing and implementing interventions

3.5.1 Recruitment to and retention in studies

3.5.2 Adherence to prevention protocol

3.5.3 Behavioural disinhibition (risk compensation)

3.5.4 Partial efficacy and partial effectiveness

3.5.5 Engaging communities in research

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References.

4. The weight of evidence: a method for assessing the strength of evidence on the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions among young people

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Types of interventions and evidence on effectiveness

4.3 Thresholds for strength of evidence needed for widespread implementation

4.4 What information do policy-makers need?

4.5 Assessing the quality of an intervention

4.6 Types of evidence and their relative weight

4.6.1 Assessing the methodological quality of evidence

4.6.2 Criteria for attaching weight to different kinds of evidence

4.7 Conclusion

5. The effectiveness of sex education and HIV education interventions in schools in developing countries

5.1 Introduction and background

5.1.1 Objectives

5.1.2 Schools and their interventions

5.1.3 Categories of interventions

5.2 Methods

5.2.1 Identification of studies

5.2.2 Threshold of evidence needed for widespread implementation

5.2.3 Review of studies

5.3 Findings

5.3.1 Characteristics of interventions

5.3.2 Characteristics of the studies

5.3.3 Impact on prevalence and sexual behaviours

5.3.4 Summary of behavioural effects

5.3.5 Impact on psychosocial factors affecting behaviour

5.3.6 Strength of evidence for curriculum-based adult-led interventions with the characteristics in Box 5.1

5.3.7 Health services

5.3.8 Vulnerability

5.4 Discussion and recommendations

5.4.1 Knowledge

5.4.2 Behaviour

5.4.3 HIV prevalence

5.4.4 Cost effectiveness

5.4.5 Conclusion

6. Review of the evidence for interventions to increase young people's use of health services in developing countries

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Methods

6.2.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

6.2.2 Identification of studies and reports

6.2.3 Typology of studies.

6.2.4 Threshold of evidence required

6.3 Findings

6.3.1 Characteristics of studies

6.3.2 Results by study

6.3.3 Results by intervention

6.4 Discussion

6.4.1 General

6.4.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

6.4.3 The typology

6.4.4 Interventions, outcomes and evaluations

6.5 Conclusions

7. The effectiveness of mass media in changing HIV/AIDS-related behaviour among young people in developing countries

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Methods

7.2.1 Outcomes of interest

7.3 Findings

7.3.1 Additional outcomes

7.3.2 Summary of studies of effectiveness

7.3.3 Relative effectiveness of different types of interventions

7.3.4 Dose-response relationship

7.4 Discussion

7.4.1 Features of the most effective interventions

7.4.2 Factors that facilitate or obstruct effective interventions

7.4.3 Conclusions

8. The effectiveness of community interventions targeting HIV and AIDS prevention at young people in developing countries

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Methods

8.3 Findings

8.3.1 Intervention types and threshold of evidence

8.3.2 Description of interventions

8.3.3 Quality of the evidence

8.3.4 Outcome measures

8.4 Go, ready, steady, do not go

8.4.1 Go

8.4.2 Ready

8.4.3 Steady

8.4.4 Do not go

8.4.5 Requirements for success

8.5 Conclusions

9. Achieving the global goals on HIV among young people most at risk in developing countries: young sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Methods

9.2.1 A focus for this paper

9.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

9.2.3 Developing a typology

9.2.4 Threshold of evidence required to recommend widespread implementation

9.3 Findings.

9.3.1 Studies quantifying the number of at-risk young people and assessing their needs

9.3.2 Studies focusing on young people most at risk in developing countries

9.3.3 Studies focusing on at-risk young people in developed countries

9.3.4 Studies of interventions for at-risk populations in developing countries that did not disaggregate data by age

9.4 Discussion

10. Conclusions and recommendations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The road to "Steady, Ready, Go"

10.3 Results

10.4 Discussion

10.5 Recommendations

Glossary

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

Notes:

UNAIDS, UNFPA, unicef, WHO on title page.

Includes bibliographical references and glossary.

ISBN:

1-280-54973-4

9786610549733

1-4294-0217-2

92-4-068115-9

OCLC:

171583466

Publisher Number:

9789241209380