Contaminated marine sediments : assessment and remediation / Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments.

Contributor:

Kamlet, Kenneth S.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Contaminated Marine Sediments.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Marine sediments--Sampling.

Marine sediments.

Marine sediments--Analysis.

Marine pollution--Measurement.

Marine pollution.

Sedimentation and deposition.

Waste disposal in the ocean.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xi, 493 pages) : illustrations, maps

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1989.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The pervasive, widespread problem of contaminated marine sediments is an environmental issue of national importance, arising from decades of intentionally and unintentionally using coastal waters for waste disposal. This book examines the extent and significance of the problem, reviews clean-up and remediation technologies, assesses alternative management strategies, identifies research and development needs, and presents the committee's major findings and recommendations. Five case studies examine different ways in which a variety of sediment contamination problems are being handled.

Contents:

Contaminated Marine Sediments

Assessment and Remediation

Copyright

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION

Findings

Recommendations

Search for Contaminated Sites

Utilization of Federal, Regional, and Local Expertise

Coordination of Efforts

CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGIES

Improved Methodologies

Tiered Testing

RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ECOSYSTEM

Assessment of Risk Due to Contamination

MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION OF CONTAMINANTS

Contaminant Transport and Partitioning

Research in Sediment Transport

Tiered Response Strategy

CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Dredged Material Management Strategy

No Action

REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Source Control

Technology and Information Transfer

Remediation and Navigational Dredging

Remedial Technologies

Use of Capping

Well-Focused Monitoring

REMEDIATION AND SOURCE CONTROL: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Use of Benefit-Cost Comparisons

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Degree of Remediation

Economic and Environmental Considerations

Infeasible Remedial Options

WORKSHOP SUMMARIES

WORK GROUP I EXTENT, CLASSIFICATION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION

Extent of Contamination

Classification of Contamination

Significance of Contamination

Resuspension of Sediments

WORK GROUP II ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Selection of Remedial Alternatives

Developments in Equipment for Removal of Contaminated Sediments

Available Disposal Alternatives

Economic Considerations

International Joint Commission Areas of Concern.

CASE STUDIES

NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON SEDIMENT QUALITY

Abstract

Sediment Quality Assessment and Regulation

The Data Base

Freshwater Data

Marine/Estuarine Data

Observations and Conclusions

Fresh Water

Marine/Estuarine Waters

Acknowledgment

NATIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS PROGRAM FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASPECTS DEALING WITH CONTAMINATION IN SEDIMENTS

Introduction

National Status and Trends Monitoring of Sediment Properties

Site Locations

Field and Analytical Methods

Results

References

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

USE OF THE APPARENT EFFECTS THRESHOLD APPROACH (AET) IN CLASSIFYING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

Description of AET Approach

Interpretation of AET

Generation of Puget Sound AET

Results of Validation Tests

Measures of Reliability

Test of AET Predictions

Application of AET to Sediment Management in Puget Sound

Conclusions and Research Recommendations

THE USE OF THE SEDIMENT QUALITY TRIAD IN CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION

Description of the Methodology

Effectiveness and Relevance of The Methodology

Field Validation of the Methodology

Required Expertise and Costs

Case Studies

San Francisco Bay

Puget Sound

Conclusions and Recommendations

A REVIEW OF THE DATA SUPPORTING THE EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA

Bioavailability and Pore Water Concentration

Partitioning of Chemicals

Organic Carbon Normalization

Equilibrium Partitioning Approach to Sediment Criteria

Theoretical Speculations

Sediment Quality Criteria for Metals

Application to Marine Sediments

Acknowledgments

MARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS

Introduction.

Sediment Toxicity Tests-a Summary Review

Effectiveness of Sediment Toxicity Tests

Applications of Sediment Toxicity Tests

SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION

EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS ON MARINE BENTHIC BIOTA AND COMMUNITIES

Sediments

Tissues

Significance of Contamination to The Benthos Background

Individual Responses

Biochemical

Genetic

Pathologies

Physiology

Behavior

Growth and Reproduction

Survival

Population and Community Level Responses

The Successional Paradigm

Population and Community Responses to Contamination

Implications of Changes in Community Structure

SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: POTENTIAL RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH

Transfer of Toxic Chemicals to Human Populations

The Human Health Implications

Filling the Gaps in Knowledge

MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION

PREDICTING THE DISPERSION AND FATE OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS

Sediment Dispersion Processes

Advection

Turbulent Mixing

Flocculation and Settling

Erosion/Resuspension and Deposition

Acknowledgements

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DDT DISTRIBUTION IN PALOS VERDES SHELF SEDIMENTS

Methods

Deposition Model (Order 1)

Mixing Model (Order 2)

Sediment Quality Projection

Deposition Model

Mixing Model

Model Predictions

Discussion

Sensitivity

Insight and Limitations

Extensions

Summary and Conclusions

Appendix Modeling Approach for Sedimentation and Sedimentation/Mixing Models

Notation.

ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

Background

Scope

Management Strategy

Potential Problems and Testing Protocols

Water Column

Benthic

Effluent Quality

Surface Runoff Quality

Leachate Quality

Plant Uptake

Animal Uptake

Other Impacts

Selection of a Disposal Alternative

Open-Water Disposal

Confined Disposal

Open-Water Disposal With Restrictions

Submerged Discharge

Subaqueous Confinement

Capping

Chemical/Physical/Biological Treatment

Confined Disposal With Restrictions

Site Selection And Design

Effluent Controls

Runoff Controls

Leachate Controls

Control of Contaminant Uptake

Other Controls

Decision-Making Framework

Responsibility for Local Authority Decisions

Evaluation of Respective Contaminant Pathways

Implementation

Coe Policy

Applications

Refinement

ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED DREDGED MATERIAL

Contaminant Control During Dredging Operations

Dredge Selection

Equipment and Operational Controls

Hopper Dredge Operation

Cutterhead and Suction Dredge Operation

Dust Pan Dredges

Special Purpose Dredges

Clamshell Bucket Dredge Operations

Additional Control Techniques

Contaminant Control During Transport

Controls for Pipeline Transport

Controls for Scow/Barge Transport

Controls for Truck/Rail Transport

Contaminant Control During Upland/Nearshore Disposal Operations

Site Control Strategies

Site Selection

Covers

Surface-Water Controls

Groundwater Controls

Liners

Groundwater Recovery

Leachate Collection

Dewatering

Site Security

Treatment of Dredged Material Slurries

Solids Separation and Classification Processes.

Solidification/Stabilization

Thermal Destruction Processes

Treatment of Dredged Material Solids

Treatment of Site Waters

Reuse of Contaminated Dredged Material

Contaminant Control/Treatment for Restricted Open-Water Disposal

Site Characteristics as a Control Technology

Engineered Control Technologies

Lateral Confinement at The Site

Dredged Material Treatment and Open-Water Disposal

Summary

DEVELOPMENTS IN EQUIPMENT DESIGNED FOR HANDLING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

Mechanical Dredges

Enclosed Clamshell

Mechanical Hydraulic Dredges

Mud Cat

Remotely Controlled Mud Cat

Clean-Up System

Hydraulic Suction Dredges

Refresher

General Specifications

Waterless Dredge

Matchbox Dredge

Wide Sweeper Cutterless Dredge

Pneumatic Dredges

Pneuma Pump

Oozer Dredge

Resuspension Levels of Sediment for Special Purpose Dredges

MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPPING FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS

History of Capping Operations

Damos Monitoring Program

Recent Capping Observations

Experimental Mud Dump Site (EMD)

Foul Area Disposal Site (FADS)

List of Damos Contributions Submitted To New England Division U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers

REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES USED AT INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION AREAS OF CONCERN

Remedial Options

Commonly Used Techniques

Remedial Options Requiring Some Testing and Assessment

Remedial Options Proposed and Tested on A Limited Scale

Some Limitations and Remedial Options Requiring More Testing

Baseline Mapping

Observations

Conclusions and Research Recommendations.

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MANAGING CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS.

Notes:

Committee chairman: Kenneth S. Kamlet.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610214327

9781280214325

1280214325

9780309559744

030955974X

9780585144092

0585144095

OCLC:

44958718