Pay equity : empirical inquiries / Robert T. Michael, Heidi I. Hartmann, and Brigid O'Farrell, editors ; Panel on Pay Equity Research, Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Michael, Robert T.

Hartmann, Heidi I.

O'Farrell, Brigid.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Women's Employment and Related Social Issues. Panel on Pay Equity Research.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pay equity--Congresses.

Pay equity.

Wages.

Physical Description:

xiv, 258 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1989.

Summary:

Are women paid less than men when they hold comparable jobs? Is there gender bias in the way wages are set? Or can wage differences between men and women be explained by legitimate market forces? Pay Equity: Empirical Inquiries answers these questions in 10 original research papers. The papers explore race- and gender-based differences in wages, at the level both of individuals and of occupations. They also assess the effects of the implementation of comparable worth plans for private firms, states, and--on an international level--for Australia, Great Britain, and the United States.

Contents:

Pay Equity

Copyright

Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

PANEL MEMBERS

RESEARCHERS

DISCUSSANTS

STAFF

GUESTS

PAY EQUITY: ASSESSING THE ISSUES

THE EMPERICAL INQUIRIES

Gender Differences in Wages: Wage Determination for Individuals

Male-Female Salaries and Promotions in a Large, Private Firm

Occupational Segregation and Earnings

Labor Market Crowding and Earnings of Women

Sex-Role, Occupational Choice, and Salary

Jobs and Occupations as the Unit of Analysis

Effects of Demographic Composition on Pay Rates for Jobs

Occupational Differences and Earnings

Implementation of Comparable Worth Policies

Iowa's Comparable Worth Plan

Pay Equity in Minnesota

Women's Pay in Australia, Great Britain, and the United States

CONCLUSION

Research Consensus

Research Needs

PART I GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WAGES: WAGE DETERMINATION FOR INDIVIDUALS

1 Salaries, Salary Growth, and Promotions of Men and Women in a Large, Private Firm

The Firm

Method

Sample and Measures

Analyses

Results

Decomposition of Salary Differences

Decomposition of Salary Growth Differences

Decomposition of Promotion Differences

Effect of Percentage Female

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

COMMENTARY

2 Measuring the Effect of Occupational Sex and Race Composition on Earnings

Research Method

Discussion of the Data

Empirical Results

Jobs with a Disproportionate Number of Women and Minorities

Empirical Results by Industrial Sector

Summary and Conclusion

3 Effects of Excess Supply on the Wage Rates of Young Women

Investigating Crowding Effects

Differences in Female Labor Markets

Differences by Occupation

Methods

General Labor Market Variables

Key Explanatory Variables

Empirical Results.

Occupation

Personal Characteristics

Alternative Causal Explanations

Conclusions

4 The Effects of Sex-Role-Related Factors on Occupational Choice and Salary

The Occupational Choices of Men and Women

The Influence of Sex-Role-Related Factors

Occupational Information

Self-Confidence

Risk-Taking Behavior

Integrating Sex-Role-Related Factors

Summary and Implications

PART II JOBS AND OCCUPATIONS AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS

5 Pay the Man: Effects of Demographic Composition on Prescribed Wage Rates in the California Civil Service

The Setting

Hypotheses

Data and Methods

The Sample

Operationalization

Cross-Sectional Analyses

Effects of Demographic Composition

Educational and Experience Requirements

Penalties Associated with the Presence of Women and Nonwhites in a Job

Trend Analyses

Enduring Jobs: Cross-Sectional Regressions, 1979 and 1985

Comparing 1985 Penalties in Enduring Jobs and Job Births

Longitudinal Analyses

Examining the Crowding Hypothesis: The Interaction Between Employment Growth and Changes in Demographic Composition

Appendix

Reference

6 Comparable Worth, Occupational Labor Markets, and Occupational Earnings: Results from the 1980 Census

Alternative Theories and Literatures

Theory and Hypotheses

Previous Tests of Related Theory

Measurement of Job Content

Measurement of Occupational Labor Market Conditions

Measurement of Annualized Earnings

Descriptive Analyses

Multivariate Analyses

7 Occupational Segregation, Compensating Differentials, and Comparable Worth

Possible Causes of Sex Differences

Differences in Productivity.

Differences in Utility Functions

Discrimination

Analytic Framework

Estimation Issues

The Data

Estimated Wage Equations

Adding Demographic and Personal Characteristics

Adding the Full Set of "Comparable Worth" Factors

Results for Other Ethnic Groups

Changes in Sex Composition

Summary and Conclusions

PART III COMPARABLE WORTH IMPLEMENTATION

8 Comparable Worth and the Structure of Earnings: The Iowa Case

Historical Background

Methodology and Data

Tabulations

Human Capital Model

Comparable Worth Model

Human Capital-Job Attributes Model

Predicted Pay Ratios

9 The Impact of Pay Equity on Public Employees: State of Minnesota Employees' Attitudes Toward Wage Policy Innovation

Policy History

Content

Implementation

Wage Changes and Labor Relations

Survey Design

Variables

Support

Knowledge

Experience

Perceived Impact

Material Position

Organizational Position

Ideological Beliefs

Sample Characteristics

Findings

10 Women's Pay in Australia, Great Britain, and the United States: The Role of Laws, Regulations, and Human Capital

Relevance of the Human Capital Model

Method of Analysis

Results from the Earnings Equations

The Importance of Institutions

Australia

Britain

United States

Employment and Unemployment

Appendix: Definition of Variables Used in the Regression Equations

Education Variables

Children

Area

Marital Status

Great Britain

United States.

Education Variables

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF CONTRIBUTORS

INDEX.

Notes:

Selected papers of a workshop held in Sept. 1987.

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

9786610214655

9781280214653

1280214651

9780309542975

0309542979

9780585143927

0585143927

OCLC:

923267526