AIDS, the second decade / Heather G. Miller, Charles F. Turner, and Lincoln E. Moses, editors (Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council).

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Miller, Heather G.

Turner, Charles F.

Moses, Lincoln E.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social, and Statistical Sciences.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

AIDS (Disease)--United States.

AIDS (Disease).

Immunological deficiency syndromes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (509 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1990.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Expanding on the 1989 National Research Council volume AIDS, Sexual Behavior, and Intravenous Drug Use , this book reports on changing patterns in the distribution of cases and the results of intervention efforts under way. It focuses on two important subpopulations that are becoming more and more at risk: adolescents and women. The committee also reviews strategies to protect blood supplies and to improve the quality of surveys used in AIDS research. AIDS: The Second Decade updates trends in AIDS cases and HIV infection among the homosexual community, intravenous drug users, women, minorities, and other groups; presents an overview of a wide range of behavioral intervention strategies directed at specific groups; discusses discrimination against people with AIDS and HIV infection; and presents available data on the proportion of teenagers engaging in the behaviors that can transmit the virus and on female prostitutes and HIV infection.

Contents:

AIDS

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

NOTE ON CONTRIBUTIONS

Contents

Summary

THE CHANGING EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES

PREVENTION: THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE

AIDS Prevention Challenges in the Coming Decade

Impediments to Improved Intervention

ADOLESCENTS

Behaviors That Put Adolescents at Risk

AIDS Prevention Programs for Teens

Reaching Adolescents

Doing Better with Adolescents in the Second Decade

PROSTITUTES

Risk Factors

Interventions

PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY

Exclusionary Procedures

Maintaining an Adequate Supply of Blood

Improving the Safety of the Blood Supply

The Appropriate Use of Blood

SURVEY METHODS IN AIDS RESEARCH

Sampling

Nonresponse Bias

Validity and Reliability

Sexual Behavior

Drug-Using Behaviors

Summary of Findings

Improving Measurements

SYNOPSIS AND MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

1 The AIDS Epidemic in the Second Decade

INTRODUCTION

A PICTURE OF EMERGING RISK: THE AIDS EPIDEMIC AMONG WOMEN

Women Who Inject Drugs

Female Sexual Partners of IV Drug Users

Female Sexual Partners of Male Hemophiliacs and Transfusion Recipients

TRACKING THE EPIDEMIC: DATA NEEDS

REFERENCES

2 Prevention: The Continuing Challenge

IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS AMONG GAY MEN

Community-Level and Individual Intervention Efforts

The Impact of Drug Use on Behavior Change

INTERVENTIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS

AIDS PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR WOMEN

Preventing Horizontal Transmission in the Context of Drug Use

Preventing Vertical Transmission

The Role of Counseling and Testing in Women's Intervention Programs

Lessons from Genetic Counseling

MAINTAINING RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR.

IMPEDIMENTS TO IMPROVED INTERVENTION

AIDS-Related Discrimination

Federal Protections

State and Local Protections

Social Attitudes and Public Policy: Obstacles to Continued Progress

Sexually Explicit Information

Sterile Needle Programs

3 AIDS and Adolescents

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV AMONG ADOLESCENTS

The Scope of the Problem

Conclusion

BEHAVIORS THAT PUT ADOLESCENTS AT RISK

Data Sources

Vaginal Intercourse

Abstinent Teenagers

Patterns of Heterosexual Behavior

Same-Gender Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Drug Use

Data Sources and Limitations

Initiation of Drug Use

Injection Practices Among Adolescents

Prevalence of Drug Use

Differential Patterns of Drug Use

Clustering of Risk Behaviors

Subpopulations of Teens at Higher Risk

INTERVENING TO PREVENT FURTHER SPREAD OF INFECTION

Role of Evaluation Research

Goals of Intervention Programs for Teens

General Goals

Specific Program Goals

WHAT DO TEENS KNOW ABOUT AIDS?

REACHING ADOLESCENTS

Aspects of Prevention Programs

Fear

Personal Vulnerability

Facts and Beliefs

Skills

Community Norms

Sources of Messages

Venues for Program Delivery

Programs for All Adolescents

School-Based Programs

Programs for Out-of-School Youth

Reaching Teenage Drug Users

Program Needs for High-Risk and HIV-Seropositive Youth

DOING BETTER IN THE SECOND DECADE

4 Interventions for Female Prostitutes

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AIDS AND HIV INFECTION AMONG PROSTITUTES

Risks Related to Drug Use and Sexual Transmission

Context-Related Risks

Client-Related Risks

PATTERNS OF PROSTITUTION

Street Prostitution

Brothels

Massage Parlors

Outcall Prostitution

Crack and Prostitution.

INTERVENTION PROGRAMS

Access

Types of Interventions

IMPEDIMENTS TO MORE EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS

Laws Against Prostitution

AIDS-Related Legislation

Restriction of Infected Individuals

Mandatory HIV Testing

Other Effects of Marginality

FUTURE NEEDS AND OPTIONS FOR HIV PREVENTION

5 AIDS and the Blood Supply

BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM

THE BLOOD COLLECTION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES

The Organization of Blood Collection

Exclusionary Procedures: The Organizational Perspective

MAINTAINING AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF SAFE BLOOD

Who Donates Blood?

What Motivates Donors to Give Blood?

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards and Incentives

Perceived Community Needs and Community Support

Social Pressure

Factors That Inhibit Donation

Medical Ineligibility

Reactions to Donation

Deferral

Inconvenience

Behavioral Theory and Its Application to Donor Recruitment

Internal Versus External Antecedents to Action

Intention and Action

Role Models

Linking Organizational and Theoretical Issues in Donor Recruitment Strategies

PROTECTING THE BLOOD SUPPLY FROM HIV INFECTION

Recruiting "Safe" Donors

Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups

Age Groups

Genders

Exclusionary Procedures: The Donor Perspective

The Inappropriate Use of Blood Collection Agencies for HIV Testing

RESEARCH TO IMPROVE THE EXISTING SYSTEM

REDUCING THE RISK OF HIV INFECTION THROUGH APPROPRIATE USE OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS

Trends in Blood Utilization

Reducing Transfusion Exposure

Decreasing Unnecessary Use of Blood Products

Increasing Autologous Donation

Decreasing Patient Need for Blood Products

Inactivating Viruses

Modifying Physician Behavior

Modifying Patient Behavior

Directions for Future Research.

REFERENCES

6 Methodological Issues in AIDS Surveys

FALLIBILITY OF MEASUREMENT IN OTHER SCIENCES

RECRUITMENT OF RESPONDENTS IN SEX AND SEROPREVALENCE SURVEYS

Scope of the Review

Participation in Sex Surveys

Data Collection Procedures and Response Rates

Survey Configurations Associated with High Response Rates

Use of Telephone Surveys

Participation in Seroprevalence Surveys

Nonresponse Bias in Sex and Seroprevalence Surveys

NONSAMPLING ISSUES IN AIDS SURVEYS

Terms and Concepts

Survey Measurement of Sexual Behaviors

Overview

Inference in the Presence of Bias

Assumption of Constant Bias in Measurements

Approaches to Validation

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

Validation

Partner Reports

Other Validation Techniques

Replication of Surveys on Samples of the Same Population

Proportion of Teenagers Who Are Sexually Active

Number of Sexual Partners Reported by Adults

Replication of Measurements Using Same Respondents

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF DRUG-USING BEHAVIORS

Accuracy of Self-Reports of Drug Use Behaviors

Measurement Bias

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Feasibility

Replicability

Validity

Reliability

IMPROVING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Literacy

Alternatives to Self-Reports

Physical Evidence

Skills Demonstrations

Other Safeguards for Surveys

Randomized Response Techniques

Pilot Studies

Pretests

Cognitive Research Strategies

ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES

Examples of Studies Related to HIV Transmission

Male-Male Sexual Contacts

Variation in Drug Use Patterns

Ethnographic Methods

Ethnographic Methods in AIDS Research

Findings of Ethnographic Research on AIDS

Gaps and Deficiencies in Current Ethnographic Research

RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610212354

9781280212352

1280212357

9780309568449

0309568447

9780585010908

0585010900

OCLC:

43474530