Status and applications of diamond and diamond-like materials : an emerging technology : report of the Committee on Superhard Materials / National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Superhard Materials.

Contributor:

Venables, John D.

Series:

Publication NMAB ; 445.

NMAB ; 445

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diamonds.

Diamonds, Artificial.

Synthetic hard materials.

Hard materials.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (110 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1990.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Recent discoveries enabling the growth of crystalline diamond by chemical vapor deposition offer the potential for a wide variety of new applications. This new book examines the state of the technology arising from these discoveries in relation to other allied materials, such as high-pressure diamond and cubic boron nitride. Most of the potential defense, space, and commercial applications are related to diamond's hardness, but some utilize its other qualities, such as optical and electronic properties. The authors review growth processes and discuss techniques for characterizing the resulting materials' properties. Crystalline diamond is emphasized, but other diamond-like materials (e.g. silicon carbide and amorphous carbon containing hydrogen) are also examined. In addition, the authors identify scientific, technical, and economic problems that could impede the rapid exploitation of these materials, and present recommendations covering broad areas of research and development.

Contents:

Status and Applications of Diamond and Diamond-Like Materials: An Emerging Technology

Copyright

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Contents

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion 1

Recommendation

Conclusion 2

Conclusion 3

Conclusion 4

1 Introduction

SCOPE

NOMENCLATURE

BACKGROUND

Hitch-Pressure Synthesis of Diamond and Cubic BN

Metastable Diamond Growth

VAPOR GROWTH OF DIAMOND

DIAMOND-LIKE MATERIALS

APPLICATIONS

Applications of Diamond

Applications of Cubic BN, SiC, and Other Materials

Applications of Diamond-Like Materials

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

REFERENCES

2 Growth Processes

GENERIC AND FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES

HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROCESSES

Materials Growth Processes

Direct Conversion

Static or Indirect Process

Cubic BN Chemistry

Control of Crystal Size

Growth of Large Crystals

Control of Crystal Shape

Diamond

Cubic BN

Control of Chemistry, Doping, and Impurities

Pressure-Sintered Material

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES

Plasma-Enhanced Processes

Nonplasma Processes

Key to References:

Hybrid Processes

Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Growth

Critical CVD Growth Parameters

Substrates and Their Preparation

Substrate Temperature

Gases and Gas Composition

Gas Flow Rate and Pressure

Additions to Gas

Position of Substrate

Parameters Specific to Individual Processes

Size of Substrates

Electric and Magnetic Field Effects

Fundamental Issues in CVD Processes

Nucleation

Growth Mechanisms

Impurities

Defects

Morphology

PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES

Basic Processes

Key to References:.

Critical Growth Parameters

Substrates and Film Nucleation

Deposition Pressure

Ion Energy Considerations

Fundamental Issues in PVD Processes

Microstructure

OTHER DEPOSITION PROCESSES

OTHER SUPERHARD MATERIALS

3 Characterization Techniques Relevant to Superhard Materials

STRUCTURE STUDIES

Surface Characterization

Geometric Structure

Electronic Structure

Chemical Composition

Dynamic Processes

Molecular Modeling

ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION

FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

Scratch and, Hardness Tests

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION

References

4 Applications

MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS

Bearings and Journals: Coatings and Monolithic

Barrier Coatings

Cutting Tools: Drills, Bits, Cutters, Saw, Blades

Surgical Blades and Microtomes

Knives and Cutting Blades

Abrasives

Medical Implants

Additional Technological Impacts

ELECTRONICS

High-Power Transistors

High-Performance (Rapid-Response) Transistors

High-Temperature Transistors

Radiation-Hard Transistors

High-Voltage Electronics

Reliable Electronics

Negative Electron Affinity Cathodes

Electrical Insulators

Heat Conductors

X-Ray Masks for Advance Projection Photolithography

Direct-Write Microelectronics

Magnetic Disks and Read-Write Heads

OPTICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS

Monolithic Windows and Lenses

X-Ray Windows

Mirror Substrates

Optical Emitters, Lasers, And Light-Emitting Diodes

Optically Activated Electronic Switches

Ultraviolet Solar-Blind Detectors

Optical Waveguides

Fiber Optic Coating

Optical Coatings

High-Power Laser Mirrors

Protective Coatings

Antireflection Coatings

Additional Technological Impacts.

REFERENCES

5 Research and Development Issues and Opportunities

GROWTH PROCESSES

CVD Growth

PVD Growth

MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION

BEYOND DIAMOND: OTHER MATERIALS AND ISSUES

Appendix.

Notes:

Committee chairman: John D. Venables.

Study conducted under contract No. MDA-903-89-K-0078 with the Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610212651

9781280212659

1280212659

9780309597364

0309597366

9780585149080

0585149089

OCLC:

614707760