Biologic markers in immunotoxicology / Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology, Committee on Biologic Markers ... [et al.].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Immunotoxicology.

Biochemical markers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (224 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Are environmental pollutants threatening the human immune system? Researchers are rapidly approaching definitive answers to this question, with the aid of biologic markers--sophisticated assessment tools that could revolutionize detection and prevention of certain diseases. This volume, third in a series on biologic markers, focuses on the human immune system and its response to environmental toxicants. The authoring committee provides direction for continuing development of biologic markers, with strategies for applying markers to immunotoxicology in humans and recommended outlines for clinical and field studies. This comprehensive, up-to-date volume will be invaluable to specialists in toxicology and immunology and to biologists and investigators involved in the development of biologic markers.

Contents:

Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology

Copyright

Preface

Contents

List of Abbreviations

Summary

HYPERSENSITIVITY

AUTOIMMUNITY

IMMUNE SUPPRESSION

BIOASSAYS OF IMMUNOTOXICITY

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EXISTING IMMUNOTOXICOLOGIC BIOLOGIC MARKERS

ROLE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF IMMUNOTOXICITY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY

1 Introduction

BIOLOGIC MARKERS

Markers of Exposure

Markers of Effect

Markers of Susceptibility

VALIDITY OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS

UNCERTAINTY AND RISK

ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES

STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

2 The Structure and Function Of the Immune System And Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity

DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

MECHANISMS OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED IMMUNE DISEASE

IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Complement-Mediated and Immune-Complex-Mediated Injury

T-Cell Reactions

EFFECTS OF XENOBIOTICS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

3 Biologic Markers For Immune-Mediated Disease

DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM

EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION (PULMONARY HYPERSENSITIVITY)

Occupational Asthma and Rhinitis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

EXPOSURE THROUGH INGESTION

DERMAL EXPOSURE

Contact Dermatitis

Photocontact Dermatitis

Contact Urticaria

NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT

BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF HYPERSENSITIVITY

History and Clinical Signs

Skin Tests

Serum IgE Concentration

In Vitro Assays for Specific Antibody

In Vitro Assays for Cellular Immunity

Provocation Challenges

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

ANIMAL MODELS FOR DETECTING CHEMICALLY MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY

Techniques Used in Animal Studies to Determine the Potential of Chemicals to Cause Hypersensitivity

IgE-and IgG-Mediated Immediate Reactions

Cytotoxic Reactions

Antigen-Antibody Complexes

Contact Hypersensitivity

SUMMARY.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

IgE Sensitivity

Immunologically Mediated Adverse Reactions

Local Versus Systemic Immunity

Sensitizers

Individual Differences in Sensitivity

Development of Self-Antigens

Effects of Exposure Conditions

Epidemiology

IGE AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Cellular and Antibody Immunity

Individual Variability

Organic Versus Chemical Hypersensitivity

Effects of Exposure

Particle Composition

Chemical Haptens

4 Autoimmune Diseases

INCIDENCE OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

SUSCEPTIBILITY VERSUS EXPOSURE

XENOBIOTIC-INDUCED AUTOIMMUNITY

MECHANISMS

ANIMAL MODELS

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES

OTHER GENETIC MARKERS

RATE OF ACETYLATION

Antinuclear Antibodies

Specific Tissue Autoantibodies

Histopathologic Examination

Immune Complexes

Complement

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5 The Capacity of Toxic Agents to Compromise the Immune System (Biologic Markers of Immunosuppression)

CONSEQUENCES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

Human Studies

Experimental Studies

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Benzene

Metals

Complex Mixtures

Miscellaneous

INHALATION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

SKIN AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

MYELOTOXICITY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

DIFFICULTIES IN ESTABLISHING HUMAN RISK

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SUSCEPTIBILITY

Age and External Factors

Metabolic Differences

Species Differences

IMPORTANCE OF MECHANISTIC STUDIES

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

6 Animal Models for Use in Detecting Immunotoxic Potential And Determining Mechanisms of Action

ANIMAL IMMUNOTOXICITY BIOASSAYS

Pathologic Evaluation

Humoral Immunity

Cellular Immunity

Nonspecific Immunity

Bone Marrow

Host Resistance.

Mechanistic Studies

ASSAYS OF PULMONARY IMMUNOCOMPETENCE

ASSAYS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT

USE OF IMMUNOTOXICITY BIOASSAYS

Considerations in the Design of Immunotoxicity Testing

Immunotoxicity as a Basis for Risk Assessment

7 Human Immune-System Biologic Markers of Immunotoxicity

TESTS FOR ASSESSING IMMUNITY

TESTS OF THE HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM

Immunoglobulin Concentration

Antibody Formation

B Cells

CELLULAR IMMUNE SYSTEM

Skin Testing

In Vitro Stimulation of Lymphocytes

OTHER TESTS

OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS THAT ASSESS THE EFFECT OF IMMUNOTOXICANTS

Primary Humoral Immune Responses

Activation Antigens on Lymphocyte Surfaces and in Serum

Synthesis and Secretion of Lymphokines After Lymphocyte Activation

Proliferative Responses to Super-Antigens

Self-HLA-Restricted Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

PROPOSED TESTING REGIMEN

8 Application of Biologic Markers Of Immunotoxicity in Epidemiology

EPIDEMIOLOGY

CONTRIBUTION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS TO EPIDEMIOLOGY

VARIABILITY IN REFERENCE POPULATIONS

SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE

AUTHENTICATION OF THE EVENT STATUS

STUDY DESIGN

REFERENCE POPULATIONS

CASE STUDIES

Background

Study Design

Results

Strengths

Limitations

9 Use of Biologic Markers In Controversial Areas Of Environmental Health

EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC CHEMICALS

HEALTH EFFECTS OF INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS

CASE DEFINITIONS OF MULTIPLE-CHEMICAL-SENSITIVITY SYNDROME

IMMUNE-SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION IN MCS PATIENTS.

BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS

Provocative Challenge

ANTIBODIES TO FORMALDEHYDE-HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN ADDUCTS

Avoidance Regimens

T-cell Helper-to-Suppressor Ratios

CONCLUSIONS

10 Summary and Recommendations

CHEMICAL-INDUCED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN HUMANS

Conclusions

Recommendations

ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE IN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

ANIMAL AND IN VITRO MODELS

MARKERS OF SKIN AND MUCOSAL RESPONSES

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND SENSITIVITY SYNDROMES

REFERENCES

Glossary

BIOGRAPHIES

INDEX.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-181) and index.

ISBN:

9786610212064

9781280212062

1280212063

9780309595049

0309595045

9780585026114

0585026114

OCLC:

42329207