Food components to enhance performance : an evaluation of potential performance-enhancing food components for operational rations / Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine ; Bernadette M. Marriott, editor.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Marriott, Bernadette M.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Soldiers--United States--Nutrition.

Soldiers.

Operational rations (Military supplies).

Stress (Physiology)--Nutritional aspects.

Stress (Physiology).

Physical Description:

xv, 543 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settings--among others--experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.

Contents:

FOOD COMPONENTS TO ENHANCE PERFORMANCE

Copyright

Preface

FOCUS OF THE REPORT

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Contents

PART I Committee Summary and Recommendations

1 Introduction and Background

THE COMMITTEE'S TASK

Terms Used in This Report

Report Organization

MILITARY RESEARCH ON NUTRITIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF SOLDIER PERFORMANCE

History and Current Research

Design Issues for Rations

Biochemical Strategies and Issues

PERFORMANCE ISSUES AND MEASUREMENT APPROPRIATE TO THE MILITARY

Physical Performance

Mental Performance

PROVIDING FOOD IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY COMBAT SETTINGS

STRESS AND NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS

The Central Nervous System

Endocrine System Responses to Stress

Immune System Responses to Stress

Metabolic Responses to Stress and Activity

POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING FOOD COMPONENTS

Physical Performance Enhancement

Food Components that May Enhance Mental Performance

Nutrients on Neurotransmitter release

SPECIFIC FOOD COMPONENTS

Tyrosine

Carbohydrates

Glucose

Structured Lipids

Choline

Functions of Choline

Dietary Choline and Choline Deficiency

Potential Areas of Clinical and Military Interest

Caffeine

Carnitine

SAFETY AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING FOOD COMPONENTS

Safety of Amino Acids

Regulation of Food Components by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration1

SUMMARY

2 Conclusions and Recommendations

CONCLUSIONS

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

General Concepts of Performance Enhancement

Food Components or Nutrients that Offer Potential to Enhance Performance

Other Food Components of Theoretical Importance but Low Probability of Improving Performance

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS POSED TO THE COMMITTEE.

RECOMMENDATIONS

General

Recommendations Regarding Food Components Proposed by the Army

Specific Recommendations

Other Areas that Offer Research Potential

AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

PART II Background and Introduction to the Topic

3 Nutritional Enhancement of Soldier Performance at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environment...

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

MACRONUTRIENT AND PERFORMANCE RESEARCH AT USARIEM

Carbohydrate and Work at High Altitude

Carbohydrate and Thermoregulation During Cold Exposure

Carbohydrate and Work in the Heat

Carbohydrate and Load-Bearing Work and Marksmanship

NUTRITIONAL PHARMACOLOGY (CAFFEINE RESEARCH)

NUTRITIONAL NEUROTRANSMITTER RESEARCH (TYROSINE)

CURRENT USARIEM NUTRITION AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT RESEARCH

4 Optimizing the Design of Combat Rations

OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS

SELF-HEATING INDIVIDUAL MEAL MODULE

Component Preservation

Self-Heating

Consumer Acceptance

NUTRITIONAL ENGINEERING FOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT

Basic Performance-Nutrient Concept

Goal Programming

Experimental Diets

Tailored-Ration System

SUMMARY: THE CHALLENGE

5 Biochemical Strategies for Ration Design: Concerns of Bioavailability

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR RATION DESIGN

BIOCHEMICAL STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DISCUSSION

PART III Military Issues

6 Evaluation of Physical Performance

PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE FACTORS AND THEIR EVALUATION

Physiological Factors

Metabolic Capacity

Neuromotor Control

Substrates and Tissue Homeostasis

Assessment of Submaximal Endurance Capacity

Laboratory Tests of Aerobic Endurance

Field Task Tests of Aerobic Endurance.

7 The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance During Continuous Combat Operations

8 The Role of Context in Behavioral Effects of Foods

DETERMINING A BASELINE

EXPECTANCY

CONTROLLING THE FOOD, STIMULUS, AND TREATMENT

PEOPLE

Individual Differences

Clinical Disorders

Social Influence

CHEMICALS, FOODS, AND MEALS

PERFORMANCE AND MOOD OUTCOMES

PART IV Stress and Nutrient Interactions: Metabolic Consequences

9 Stress and Monoamine Neurons in the Brain

SYNTHESIS OF MONOAMINES IN THE BRAIN

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Serotonin

STRESS AND BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE

Acute Stress

Chronic Stress

STRESS AND BRAIN DOPAMINE

STRESS AND BRAIN SEROTONIN

10 Endocrine and Immune System Responses to Stress

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES

Contributions of Hans Selye

Studies of Endogenous Pyrogen

Studies of Infectious Stress

Studies in Ranger Trainees

Immunological Progress

ENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO STRESS

Catecholamines

Adrenocortical Responses

CRF and ACTH

Adrenal Glucocorticoids

ADRENAL MINERALOCORTICOIDS

Growth Hormone

Thyroidal Responses

Other Pituitary Hormones

Testosterone

Pancreatic Hormones

Intestinal Hormones

Other Hormones and Neuroendocrines

IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSES TO STRESS

Changes in Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphocyte Counts in Stress

Humoral Immunity and Stress

Cell-Mediated Immunity and Stress

Lymphocyte Responses to Mitogens

Natural Killer Cell Activity

Cytokine Responses to Stress.

Microbicidal and Tumoricidal Effects of NO

The Immunological Role of Arginine

The Acute Phase Reaction

Interleukin-1

Tumor Necrosis Factor

Interleukin-6

Potential Importance of Stress Proteins

Military Aspects of the Acute-Phase Reaction

Malnutrition and Immune System Dysfunctions

Nutritional Support for the Immune System

HORMONAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS DURING STRESS

Hormonal Effects on Immune System Functions

RECOMMENDATIONS

11 The Metabolic Responses to Stress and Physical Activity

UNDERLYING CONCEPTS

THE FOCUS ON FUEL METABOLISM

Metabolic Fuel Homeostasis During Physical Exercise

Fuel Homeostasis Under Baseline Conditions

Fuel Homeostasis During Exercise

Levels of Metabolic Integration During Exercise

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FUEL UTILIZATION DURING EXERCISE

BICYCLE ERGOMETER STUDIES

ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS

INFORMATION DERIVED USING THE PANCREATIC CLAMP TECHNIQUE

INFORMATION FROM OTHER ANIMAL MODELS

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE METABOLIC DATA

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

PART V Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components

12 Food Components That May Optimize Physical Performance: An Overview

ACTIONS OF SPECIFIC FOODS AND DERIVATIVES OF FOOD PRODUCTS

Ergogenic Aids That Act as Central or Peripheral Nervous System Stimulants

Ergogenic Aids That Increase the Stored Amount or Availability of a Limiting Substrate

Ergogenic Aids That Act as a Supplemental Fuel Source or Reduce Reliance on a Limiting Fuel Store

Ergogenic Aids That Reduce or Neutralize Metabolic By-Products

Ergogenic Aids That Enhance Recovery

13 Effects of Nutrients on Neurotransmitter Release1

INTRODUCTION.

FOOD CONSUMPTION, TRYPTOPHAN AVAILABILITY, AND BRAIN SEROTONIN SYNTHESIS

BRAIN SEROTONIN, NUTRIENT CHOICE, AND CARBOHYDRATE CRAVING

UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES WILL NUTRIENT INTAKE AFFECT NEUROTRANSMISSION?

TYROSINE EFFECT ON DOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS

EFFECTS OF CHOLINE ON SYNTHESIS OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE

14 Performance-Enhancing Effects of Protein and Amino Acids

EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN: LONG-TERM CONSIDERATIONS

EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN: SHORT-TERM CONSIDERATIONS

ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL AAS OR MIXTURES OF AAS

ROLE OF DIET IN MODULATING RESPONSE TO AA SUPPLEMENTATION

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

15 Tyrosine and Stress: Human and Animal Studies

BACKGROUND

Precursor Coupling

Catecholamines and Stress

Acute Behavioral Consequences of Combat

TYROSINE AND ACUTE STRESS: STUDIES IN ANIMALS

TYROSINE AND ACUTE STRESS: STUDIES IN HUMANS

Hypobaric Hypoxia

Acute Cardiovascular Stress

16 Tyrosine and Glucose Modulation of Cognitive Deficits Resulting from Cold Stress

COLD STRESS AND WORKING MEMORY

TYROSINE EFFECTS ON COLD-INDUCED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT

Cold-Induced Amnesia as a Stress Effect

Initial Studies with Tyrosine

Tyrosine Studies During Field Operations in the Cold

The Effects of Tyrosine on Cold-Induced Impairment in Timing

Conclusions and Recommendations Regarding the Use of Tyrosine

Situations in Which Tyrosine is Less Effective

Tyrosine and Chronic Stress

Conditions in Which Tyrosine Would Be Contraindicated

GLUCOSE EFFECTS ON COLD-INDUCED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT

Mechanisms of Action of Glucose on Working Memory.

Conclusions and Recommendations Regarding Glucose as a Cognition Enhancer.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 501-514) and index.

ISBN:

9786610210909

9781280210907

1280210907

9780309568692

0309568692

OCLC:

830028382