Marine aquaculture : opportunities for growth / Committee on Assessment of Technology and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture in the United States, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Assessment of Technology and Opportunities for Marine Aquaculture in the United States.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Mariculture--United States.

Mariculture.

Mariculture--Government policy--United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource e (x, 290 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Coastal farming and ocean ranching of marine fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and seaweed are a major and growing industry worldwide. In the United States, freshwater aquaculture is rapidly becoming a significant commercial activity; however, marine aquaculture has lagged behind. This book examines the obstacles to developing marine aquaculture in the United States and offers specific recommendations for technology and policy strategies to encourage this industry. The volume provides a wealth of information on the status of marine aquaculture--including comparisons between U.S. and foreign approaches to policy and technology and of the diverse species under culture.

Contents:

Marine Aquaculture

Copyright

Preface

BACKGROUND

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

STUDY METHOD

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

Executive Summary

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

Advances in Technology and Engineering-A Marine Aquaculture Initiative

Federal Agency Actions

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Sea Grant College Program

Congressional Action

Completion of the Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture

Revision of Laws That Impede the Development of Marine Aquaculture

Creation of a Congressional Committee or Subcommittee on Aquaculture

CONCLUSION

NOTE

1 Introduction

WORLD/U.S. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

THE NATIONAL INTEREST IN MARINE AQUACULTURE

PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS

REFERENCES

2 Status of Aquaculture

AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES WORLDWIDE

STATUS OF U.S. MARINE AQUACULTURE

Mollusks

Oysters

Clams

Scallops

Mussels

Crustaceans

Shrimp

Shellfish Opportunities

Finfish

Salmon

Red Drum

Other Marine Finfish

Algae

Macroscopic Algae (Seaweeds)

Unicellular Algae (Phytoplankton)

MARINE FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT

ECONOMIC ISSUES

Regulatory-Permitting Costs

Capital Costs

Operating Costs

Marketing Factors

Foreign Competition and Trade

NOTES

3 Policy Issues

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND MARINE AQUACULTURE

The ''Aquaculture" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Government as Promoter

Federal Legislation to Promote Aquaculture

Current Federal Activities to Promote Marine Aquaculture

Summary: Status of Federal Promotional Policy.

The "Marine" Side of Marine Aquaculture: The Federal Role in Planning and Regulating Coastal Commons

Ocean and Coastal Zone Legislation

Assessment of Ocean and Coastal Policies

International and Interstate Trade Policies

International Trade Issues

Interstate Trade Issues

Economic Policies

Consumer Policies

FISHERIES ENHANCEMENT CONCERNS AND POLICY ISSUES

THE STATES AND MARINE AQUACULTURE

Assessment of State Policies

MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE

Coastal Zone Management Act

Management of Offshore Activities

SUMMARY OF POLICY ISSUES AND OPTIONS

Lack of National Leadership/Insufficient Promotion Efforts

Lack of a Solid Place in Coastal and Ocean Management Framework

Position of U.S.-Owned Operations Internationally and Foreign Ownership of Enterprises in the United States

Diversity of State Regulations

Fisheries Enhancement

4 Environmental Issues

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE

Introduction

Aquatic Plants

Shellfish

Impacts From Waste

Water Quality

Plankton

Benthos

Regulation of Discharges

The Clean Water Act

Managing Wastes and Effluents

Impacts From Introduction of Nonindigenous Species

Genetic Impacts

Disease Transfer

Regulation of Fish Movement

Impacts of Feed Additives

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE

Finfish and Shrimp

RESOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

5 Engineering and Research

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ADDRESSING MAJOR CONSTRAINTS

Economic Feasibility

Marketing and Product Information

Institutional and Regulatory Issues

Environmental Issues

Socioeconomic Issues

INTERDISCIPLINARY SYSTEMS DESIGN

Auxiliary Systems for Fish Culture

Hatchery Systems

Feed and Feeding Systems.

Waste Treatment Systems

Sensors and Monitoring Systems

Expert Systems

Production Grow-out Systems

Nearshore Systems

Onshore Systems

Offshore Systems

Harvest and Postharvest Technology

Harvest

Preprocessing

Processing and Packaging

Transport to Market

OTHER RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES

Marine Fisheries Enhancement

Broodstock Domestication

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Production of Improved Strains

Disease Assessment and Treatment

Disease Diagnosis

Therapeutics

SUMMARY

6 Information Exchange, Technology Transfer, and Education

OVERVIEW

INFORMATION EXCHANGE

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

EDUCATION

MARINE AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY CENTERS

7 Conclusions and Recommendations

Federal Agency Responsibilities and Actions

Completion of Federal Policy Framework for Marine Aquaculture

Revision of Laws That Impede Development of Marine Aquaculture

Bibliography

Appendix A Review of World Aquaculture

MAJOR WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTS

Finfish Culture

Crustacean Culture

Mollusk Culture

Seaweed Culture

Economics of World Aquaculture

MARINE AQUACULTURE PRACTICES AND POLICIES

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

STATUS OF MARINE AQUACULTURE BY REGION

Asia

Northern Europe

Central and Southern Europe

Canada

Shellfish.

Finfish

Latin America

INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Issues of Concern

EXAMPLES OF AQUACULTURE POLICY IN OTHER NATIONS

Status

Regulations

Norway

Legislation

Implications for the United States

The United Kingdom

Planning

Financial Assistance

Outlook

Appendix B Freshwater Aquaculture in the United States

OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION

Catfish

Crayfish

Trout/Salmon

Bait and Ornamental Fish

Alligators

Hybrid Striped Bass

Tilapia

Macrobrachium

Sturgeon

Appendix C Federal Marine Aquaculture Policy

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

USDA Regional Aquaculture Centers

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

National Marine Fisheries Service

National Sea Grant College Program

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Appendix D Sociocultural Aspects of Domestic Marine Aquaculture

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE AND METHODS

MARINE AQUACULTURE PROMOTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF PLANNED CHANGE

Understanding Adoption of Marine Aquaculture as an Enterprise

Identifying Consumer Attitudes and Refining Marketing Strategies

Identifying Unintentional and Long-Range Social Impacts

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Oyster Growing in the State of Washington

Salmon Ranching in Alaska

Baitfish, Trout, and Yellow Perch in the Great Lakes

Minnesota

Michigan

Texas Shrimp Farming

Soft-Shell Crabs in Mid- and South Atlantic

Salmon and Mussels in Maine

Appendix E Committee Member Biographies

Appendix F Participants in Special Sessions

INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 1990.

WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY MEETING, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, JUNE 1990

INVITED GUESTS, COMMITTEE MEETING IN HILTON HEAD, SOUTH CAROLINA, AUGUST 1990

AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, SEPTEMBER 1990

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-205) and index.

ISBN:

9786610203420

9781280203428

1280203420

9780309597876

0309597870

9780585026299

0585026297

OCLC:

42329221