Malaria : obstacles and opportunities : a report of the Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control: Status Review and Alternative Strategies, Division of International Health, Institute of Medicine / Stanley C. Oaks, Jr. ... [et al.], editors.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control: Status Review and Alternative Strategies.

Contributor:

Oaks, S. C.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Malaria.

Malaria--Prevention.

Malaria--Research.

Physical Description:

xv, 309 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1991.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.

Contents:

Malaria

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

LIAISON PANEL

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE STUDY

Contents

Malaria

1 Conclusions and Recommendations

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

THE REPORT

Background

Organization

Sponsorship

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Policy

Commitment and Sustainability

Surveillance

Inter-Sectoral Cooperation

New Tools for Malaria Control

Coordination and Integration

Malaria Research Priorities

Research in Support of Available Control Measures

Development of New Tools

Malaria Control

Organization of Malaria Control

Paradigm Approach

Management

Monitoring and Evaluation

Problem Solving (Optional Research) and Evaluation

Training

2 Background

MALARIA AS A DISEASE

Clinical Aspects

Immunity

Role of Genetics

DIAGNOSIS

THE PARASITE

Life Cycle

Relapse and Recrudescence

THE MOSQUITO

Host-Seeking and Feeding Behavior

THE ENVIRONMENT

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Geographic Distribution

Transmission

MALARIA CONTROL

Drugs

Source Reduction

Larviciding

Spraying

Contact Reduction

Vaccines

BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 Overview

PRE-COLUMBIAN HISTORY

MALARIA IN AMERICA

DISCOVERY OF QUININE

DISCOVERY OF THE MALARIA PARASITE AND ITS LIFE CYCLE

MALARIA AND THE MILITARY

ERADICATION

Eradication Campaign

Financial Support for Eradication

Eradication to Control

1970 to Present

U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR MALARIA ACTIVITIES

United States

U.S. Agency for International Development

Centers for Disease Control

Department of Defense

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

REFERENCES

4 Clinical Medicine and the Disease Process

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN THE YEAR 2010

WHERE WE ARE TODAY

Clinical Aspects of Malaria.

Severe Malaria

Other Clinical Features

Uncomplicated Malaria

Malaria Chemoprophylaxis and Treatment

RESEARCH AGENDA

Pathogenesis

Treatment

Chemoprophylaxis

5 Diagnostic Tests

Microscopy

Standard Technique

Quantitative Buffy Coat Technique

QBC Versus Microscopy

Alternatives to Microscopy

Immunoassays

Genetic-Probe Assays

Polymerase Chain reaction

Antibody Assays

Other Assays

Specifications for Diagnostic Tests

Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests

6 Parasite Biology

WHERE WANT TO BE IN THE YEAR 2010

The Parasite

Parasite-Host Interactions

Liver Phase

Blood Phase

Mosquito Phase

Parasite Physiology and Biochemistry

Feeding

Permeability Changes in Erythrocyte Membranes

Other Parasite-Directed Changes in Erythrocyte-Membrane Structure

Nutrition and Metabolism

Energy Transformations and Mitochondria

Parasite Lipids

Evasion of Host Defenses

Cytoadherence

Neoantigens

Molecular Biology

Parasite Genetic Diversity

Karyotype

Protein Expression

Other Mechanism of Genetic Variability

Drug Resistance

Cloning of Genes for Functional Proteins

Differential Gene Expression

Research Training

Sporogonic Phase

Physiology and Biochemistry

Developmental Biology

Drug Action and Resistance

Clinical Immunity

Parasite Genes

In Vitro Cultivation

7 Vector Biology, Ecology, and Control

Vector-Parasite Interactions

Sporogonic Development in Anopheles Mosquitoes

Factors Affecting Susceptibility

Factors Affecting Transmission

Malaria Transmission.

Regulation of Vector Population-Larval Ecology

Vector Incrimination

Vector Species and Distributions

Mosquito Taxonomy and Species Complexes

Parasite Transmission

Field Studies

Indices of Malaria Transmission

Surveillance Strategies

Entomological Components of Malaria Vaccine Development

Vector Control

Prevention and Control of Transmission

Selection of Antivector Measures

Personal Protection Measures

Insecticide Resistance

Ecological and Public Health Impacts of Pesticides

Innovative Vector Control Measures

Training in Vector Biology

Field Investigations

Patterns of Transmission

Microepidemiology

Regulation of Anopheline Populations

Country-Wide Vector Surveillance

Vaccine Field Trials

Laboratory-Based Research

Malaria Parasite Development in Mosquitoes

Technique Development for Field Studies

Innovative Methods for Malaria Control

Antimosquito Vaccines

Genetic Modification of the Mosquito Vector

Drug Development

Evaluation of Vector Control Methods

8 Drug Discovery and Development

Principles of Prophylaxis and Treatment

Status of Prophylaxis and Treatment

Plasmodium malariae and P.ovale

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum

Available Antimalarial Drugs

Causal Prophylactics

Drugs Used for Treatment

Drug Discovery and Development

Walter Read Army Institute of Research

World Health Organization

Role of Drug Companies

Other Participants

Drugs Under Development

Arteether

WR 238605

BW566c

Antibiotics

Agents That Reverse Chloroquine Resistance

Agents in Preclinical Development

Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacology

Artemisinin

Drug Mechanisms of Action

Quinoline Resistance.

New Drug Targets

Transformation

Plasmodium vivax Culture System

Drug Delivery

Botanical Preparations

Secondary Metabolites

9 Vaccines

Prospects For a Vaccine

Approaches To Vaccine Development

Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines

Mechanisms of Immunity

Targets of Pre-Erythrocytic Immunity

Impediments to Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccine Development

Induction of the Appropriate Immune Response

Asexual Blood-Stage Vaccines

Targets of Blood-Stage Immunity

Preclinical and Clinical Trials

Impediments to Asexual Blood-Stage Vaccine Development

Merozoite Surface Antigen 1: A Case Study in Vaccine Development

Transmission-Blocking Vaccines

Targets of Transmission-Blocking Immunity

Impediments to Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Development

Identification of Mechanisms and Targets of Protective Immunity

Vaccine Formulation

In Vitro Assays

Culture Systems

10 Epidemiologic Approaches to Malaria Control

Infection and Disease

Morbidity and Mortality

Approaches to Malaria Control

Tactical Variants and Stratification

The Epidemiologic Approach to Malaria Control

Development of the Paradigms

Description of the Paradigms

Principal Determinants

Malaria Control Tools

Application of the Paradigm Approach

Program Planning and Evaluation

Policy Formulation

Intervention Strategy

Reporting

Problem Solving (Operational Research)

Logistical Support and Transportation

Evaluation

Central Core of Expertise

Decentralized Activities

Infection, Immunity, and Disease

Pregnancy and Birth Outcome.

Chemoprophylaxis and Therapy

Paradigms

Bednets

11 Economics of Malaria Control

Applications of Economics to Malaria

The Economic Costs of Malaria

Costs and Effects of Malaria Control

Operational Research

Economics and Policymaking

Determining Policy Option

Epidemiology and Economics

Example 1: The Burden of Disease and Priority Setting

Example 2: Decreasing Returns

Example 3: More Decreasing Returns

Example 4: Average Versus Marginal Costs and Benefits

Example 5: Economics and Epidemiologic Paradigms

Decision Making Skills

Data Collection

Information, Education, and Communication Programs

Resources

12 Social and Behavioral Aspects of Malaria

Factors Favoring Malaria Transmission

Agricultural Development

Type I and Type II Farming Systems

Human Population Movements

Urbanization

Implications for Malaria Control Programs

Acceptance and Usage of Control Methods

Perceptions of Cerebral Malaria

Causes of Malaria

Water and Mosquitoes

Distinguishing Malaria from Other Diseases

Drug Side Effects and Beliefs About Drug Action

Logistical and Organizational Problems

Lack of Community Participation

Understanding Community Beliefs

Health-Seeking Behavior

Research Methods

Health Communications

Community Participation

Community Involvement in Planning and Evaluation

Appendix A Paradigms

TYPES OF MALARIA

DETERMINANTS

TOOLS

Appendix B Dissenting Opinion

Glossary A

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-280-20368-4

9786610203680

0-309-54389-4

0-585-02886-9

OCLC:

923267225