Hurricane Hugo : Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and South Carolina, September 17-22, 1989 / prepared by: Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: Joseph H. Golden ... [et al.] ; South Carolina: Earl J. Baker ... [et al.] ; for Committee on Natural Disasters ... [et al.].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Golden, Joseph H.

Baker, Earl J.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Natural Disasters.

Series:

Natural disaster studies ; v. 6.

Natural disaster studies ; v. 6

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hurricane Hugo, 1989.

Hurricanes--South Carolina.

Hurricanes.

Hurricanes--Puerto Rico.

Hurricanes--Virgin Islands of the United States.

Buildings--Natural disaster effects--Puerto Rico.

Buildings.

Buildings--Natural disaster effects--South Carolina.

Buildings--Natural disaster effects--Virgin Islands of the United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (296 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This volume provides an account of the 1989 Hurricane Hugo for historical purposes, evaluates the physical phenomena involved and the performance of structures and systems, and identifies and recommends cases where an in-depth study would improve our ability to analyze and forecast such failures.

Contents:

Hurricane Hugo

Copyright

Natural Disaster Studies

Invitation For Discussion

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

SOUTH CAROLINA

HURRICAN HUGO METEOROLOGY CHRONOLOGY

HURRICANE HUGO WEATHER ANNOUNCEMENT TIMELINE

Contents

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS AND PUERTO RICO: SEPTEMBER 17-18, 1989

Meteorology/Storm History

Warnings/Evacuations/Emergency Response

Related Deaths

Damages

Physical Processes

Conclusions and Recommendations

Hurricane Models

Wind-Speed Data

Informing Local Media

Design Criteria

Emergency Power Supply

ALERT Rain Gage Network

Emergency Broadcasts

Evacuation Efforts and Shelters

Coastal Zone Management

SOUTH CAROLINA: SEPTEMBER 19-22, 1989

Meteorology

Warnings and Evacuations

Coastal Processes

Damage to Buildings and Structures

Damage to Lifelines

Damage to Cultural Property

Forecast Uncertainty

Wind-Speed Measurement

Storm-Surge Maps

Schools as Shelters

Vulnerability of Vital Buildings to Wind Damage

Lifeline Protection and Backup Power

Emergency Equipment

Education and Training About Hurricane-Resistant Construction

Evacuation from High-Risk Structures

Storm Insurance

Protection of Historic Properties

Recovery Planning

State Responsibility

HURRICANE HUGO, SEPTEMBER 17-18, 1989: PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

1 Meteorology

AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE

MESOSCALE VARIATIONS IN STORM AND STRUCTURE

IMPACTS ON THE ISLANDS

UNIQUE DATA

SURFACE-WIND-SPEED OBSERVATIONS

FORECAST PERFORMANCE

References

2 Hydrology

PRECIPITATION

St. Croix

St. John and St. Thomas.

Puerto Rico

FLOODING

LANDSLIDES

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3 Emergency Planning and Response in Puerto Rico

OPERATIONS OF THE WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE IN SAN JUAN

Reasons for WSFO Success/Effectiveness

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DECISION-ARC METHODOLOGY

EVACUATIONS

FATALITIES AND HOMELESSNESS

DAMAGE AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS

COMPARISON OF WSFO AND SLOSH METHODOLOGIES

DISASTER-RELATED PROGRAMS

Sheltering

WATER AND POWER SUPPLIES AFTER HUGO LANDFALL

El Carraizo Dam

Autoridad de Energia Electrica

RECOMMENDATIONS

4 Surface Wind Speeds and Property Damage

SOURCES OF DATA

ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WIND SPEEDS

St. Thomas

Vieques

Culebra

Puerto Rico

DESIGN WIND SPEEDS

U.S. Virgin Islands

Caribbean Region

SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM WIND SPEEDS

PROPERTY DAMAGE

SUMMARY

5 Lifelines

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

COMMUNICATIONS

WATER SUPPLIES

The Flooding of El Carraizo Pumping Plant

AIRPORTS

OTHER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

OTHER LIFELINE SYSTEMS

6 Coastal Processes

STORM SURGE AND SHORE PROCESSES

SHORELINE DESCRIPTIONS

COMPARISON WITH THE SOUTH CAROLINA SHORELINE

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HUGO'S IMPACT

STORM SURGE, PREDICTED AND OBSERVED

SAND OVERWASH

COASTAL FLOODING

WAVE ATTACK

DEGRADATION OF RECREATIONAL BEACH RESOURCES

''SETTING UP'' THE SHORELINE FOR WINTER STORM DAMAGE

SOME UNIQUE UNDERSEA WATER DATA NEAR ST. CROIX

7 Conclusions and Recommendations

AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE

Conclusions

Recommendations

PREDICTION MODELS

Conclusions.

Recommendations

SURFACE-WIND-SPEED DATABASE

COMMUNICATION WITH THE NEWS MEDIA

WIND MODELS RELATING AIRCRAFT-MEASURED WINDS TO SURFACE WINDS

ALERT AUTOMATIC RAIN GAGE NETWORK AND BACKUP POWER SUPPLY FOR WATER REGULATORY STRUCTURES

EBS NETWORK, SHELTER READINESS, AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RESPONSE

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO IMPROVE BUILDING CODES AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN

HURRICANE HUGO, SEPTEMBER 21-22, 1989: SOUTH CAROLINA

8 Introduction

IMMEDIATE POST-STORM ENVIRONMENT

INSURANCE CLAIMS

FEDERAL ASSISTANCE FOR INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, AND BUSINESSES

VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS

FEDERAL ASSISTANCE TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

9 Meteorology

OVERVIEW

STORM TRACK

MOTION AND TRACK FORECAST PERFORMANCE

INTENSITY PREDICTION

WIND MEASUREMENTS BY RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT

ESTIMATION OF SURFACE WINDS USED IN PRELANDFALL ADVISORIES

LANDFALL OF HURRICANE HUGO

Radar Structure and Track

Wind Asymmetries

Storm Surge

Local Statements and Data Acquisition

SURFACE WINDFIELD AT LANDFALL

Flight-Level Windfield Prior to Landfall

Surface Data Processing

Surface-Windfield Analysis at 0400 UTC

Validation of Public Advisories

Solutions for the Problem of Sparse Wind Observations

POSTLANDFALL WINDFIELDS

Windfield at 0300 EDT (Hugo Near Columbia, South Carolina)

Windfield at 0600 EDT (Hugo Near Charlotte, Noah Carolina)

GUST ENVELOPE AND FUJITA'S DAMAGE-DIRECTION ANALYSIS

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Forecast Tools

Wind Measurement

Overland Tracking

10 Warning and Response.

INTRODUCTION

FORECASTS

PUBLIC RESPONSE

Evacuation Rates

Evacuation Timing

Type of Refuge

Evacuation Destinations

USE AND EVALUATION OF EVACUATION

Surge Maps

Clearance Times

Behavioral Assumptions

Decision Aids

DECISION MAKING

11 Coastal Processes

STORM SURGE

COASTAL EROSION

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS

12 Water Erosion and Damage to Coastal Structures

DAMAGE DESCRIPTIONS

Seabrook Island

Folly Beach

Charleston and Vicinity

Sullivan's Island and Isle of Palms

McClellanville and Vicinity

Northern Coast of South Carolina

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

Foundations

Elevation

Setback

Appurtenant Structures

Structural Member Connections

Coastal Structures

Seawalls

Revetments, Groins, and Jetties

Piers

13 Wind Damage to Buildings and Structures

NONENGINEERED BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Signage and Canopies

MARGINALLY ENGINEERED BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

FULLY ENGINEERED STRUCTURES

Other Structures

Water Tank

Light Standards

Bridge

Crane

CODES

General

Nonengineered Buildings and Structures

Marginally Engineered Buildings and Structures

Fully Engineered Building and Structures

14 Lifelines

POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Power Plants and Substations

Transmission Lines

Distribution Lines

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Roads and Bridges

Airports

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

Telephone

Radio and Television

WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS

Water

Wastewater

15 Damage to Cultural Property

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

Response

Libraries, Archives, and Museums

Landscaping

RECOMMENDATIONS.

EPILOGUE

References.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 276).

ISBN:

9786610204007

9781280204005

1280204001

9780309555913

0309555914

9780585145013

0585145016

OCLC:

44964976