Behavioral measures of neurotoxicity : report of a symposium / Roger W. Russell, namela Ebert Flattau, and Andrew M. Pope, editors.

Format:

Book

Conference/Event

Contributor:

Russell, Roger W.

Flattau, namela Ebert.

Pope, Andrew MacPherson, 1950-

U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Psychological Science.

National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education.

Conference Name:

Workshop on Behavioral Aspects of Neurotoxicity: Critical Issues (1988 : Australian National University)

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Neurotoxicology--Congresses.

Neurotoxicology.

Environmental toxicology--Congresses.

Environmental toxicology.

Nervous system--Diseases--Environmental aspects--Congresses.

Nervous system.

Neuropsychological tests--Congresses.

Neuropsychological tests.

Behavior--drug effects.

Nervous System Diseases--chemically induced.

Neurotoxins--adverse effects.

Medical Subjects:

Behavior--drug effects.

Nervous System Diseases--chemically induced.

Neurotoxins--adverse effects.

Physical Description:

xvi, 432 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1990.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Exposure to toxic chemicals--in the workplace and at home--is increasing every day. Human behavior can be affected by such exposure and can give important clues that a person or population is in danger. If we can understand the mechanisms of these changes, we can develop better ways of testing for toxic chemical exposure and, most important, better prevention programs. This volume explores the emerging field of neurobehavioral toxicology and the potential of behavior studies as a noninvasive and economical means for risk assessment and monitoring. Pioneers in this field explore its promise for detecting environmental toxins, protecting us from exposure, and treating those who are exposed.

Contents:

Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity

Copyright

SYMPOSIUM CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

Contents

INTRODUCTION

IDENTIFICATION OF BEHAVIORAL TOXIC AGENTS

MECHANISMS AND SITES OF ACTION

THE MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIOR

THE LIFE SPAN: WHEN TO MEASURE?

APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

REGIONAL REQUIREMENTS

COMMUNICATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

ARE NEUROTOXINS DRIVING US CRAZY? PLANETARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF OLD AGE

CLINICAL FEATURES OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D

WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D?

CYCADS: POISONOUS PLANTS USED FOR MEDICINE AND FOOD

FROM LATHYRISM TO CYCADISM

LINKING CYCADS TO ALS IN IRIAN JAYA AND JAPAN

TIMING OF CYCAD EXPOSURE

RELEVANCE FOR VETERANS OF THE PACIFIC WAR

TOXIC COMPONENTS OF CYCADS

SUMMARY

PART I ASSESSMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL TESTS NOW IN USE

Methods in Behavioral Toxicology: Current Test Batteries and Need for Development

TEST BATTERIES NOW IN USE

Epidemiological and Field Studies

BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

BASES OF TEST SELECTION

THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL CORE TEST BATTERY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS: SOME CRUCIAL ISSUES

Neuropsychological Description/Definition of Neurotoxic Syndrome(s)

Natural History of the Neurotoxic Effects

Dilemma Between Conservative and Progressive Approaches

Further Questions of Test Selection

Simple or Complex Tasks?

Reliability of Tests and Stability of Functions

Changes in Personality, Mood, and Affect

Other Areas for Method Development

References

The Current Status of Test Development in Neurobehavioral Toxicology

RESEARCH DESIGN AND TEST SELECTION

REASONS FOR TEST SELECTION

RECENT APPROACHES TO TEST BATTERY DESIGN

Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery

The Computerized Battery Approach.

Model or Theory-Based Tests and Test Batteries

INFLUENCE ON TESTING SELECTION OF DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES FOR TESTING

EXPECTED DIRECTIONS IN TEST DEVELOPMENT

REMAINING BARRIERS TO TEST DEVELOPMENT

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing

RATIONALES FOR DEVELOPING TEST BATTERIES

Finland's Institute of Occupational Health Approach

Problem-Based Approach

Approach Recommended by the World Health Organization

Neurobehavioral Evaluation System Approach

TARGET ORGAN EFFECTS

Neurotoxic Chemicals

Exposure Populations

Behaviors Affected by Many Chemicals

NIOSH Recommendations

Recommendations of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

POTENTIAL OF TEST BATTERIES TO ASSESS TARGET ORGAN HEALTH EFFECTS

DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS UNDER WAY

NOTES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLAIMER

Neurobehavioral Tests: Problems, Potential, and Prospects

TESTS CURRENTLY IN USE

SOME SPECIFIC POINTS

Methods in Behavioral Toxicology (Hanninen)

Current Status of Test Development (Williamson)

Human Neurobehavioral Tests (Anger)

THE ADEQUACY OF CURRENT TESTS

SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER-BASED ASSESSMENT

Cognitive Componential Models

Inferential Systems

IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROBEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT

PART II ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS: WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT IS NEEDED

Exposure to Neurotoxins Throughout the Life Span: Animal Models for Linking Neurochemical Effects to Behavioral Consequences

NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN BEHAVIOR

EFFECTS OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP: FROM BIRTH TO WEANING

EFFECTS OF EARLY POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP

EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DFP: SENESCENT RATS

Genetic (Strain-Specific) Differences in Effects.

Subchronic Intoxication During Senescence

Time-Course Recovery of mAChRs Following Down-Regulation in Brain of Senescent Rats

Animal Models of Dementia: Their Relevance to Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing

ANIMAL MODELS OF DEMENTIA

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

PHARMACOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

MEASURING BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS: SPECIFIC PARADIGMS

Inhibitory (Passive) Avoidance

Active Avoidance Tasks

Operant Conditioning

Maze Learning

Other Measures

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bridging Experimental Animal and Human Behavioral Toxicology Studies

THE SCOPE AND AGENDA OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY

STATE OF DEVELOPMENT

BARRIERS TO ADVANCEMENT

ACCELERATING THE PACE

Methods and Issues in Evaluating the Neurotoxic Effects of Organic Solvents

ACUTE SOLVENT EFFECTS

APPLICATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL METHODS

Acute Effects of Single Exposures

Acute Effects in the Context of Chronic Exposures

Reinforcing Properties of Organic Solvents

CHRONIC SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Role of Animal Studies

Neurobehavioral Methods for Screening Sensory and Motor Effects

Problems in the Interpretation of Human Studies

Animal Models of Cognitive Effects

Animal Models: What Has Worked and What Is Needed

PART III CHEMICAL TIME BOMBS: ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

On the Identification and Measurement of Chemical Time Bombs: A Behavior Development Perspective

METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

APPROACHES TO DETECTING BEHAVIORALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES

A POTENTIAL TIME BOMB?

NEW METHODS FOR MEASURING BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY

ADDITIONAL APPROACHES AND NEW DIRECTIONS

Multiple Behaviors Can Be Studied

Comparative Developmental Studies Can Be Undertaken.

Knowledge Concerning Neurocircuitry and Neurochemistry of the Response Is Accumulating

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Neurobehavioral Time Bombs: Their Nature and Their Mechanisms

Relations Between Behavior and Chemical Environment

CHOLINESTERASE IN PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIAS

Preclinical Studies of Acetylcholinesterase and Behavior

Acetylcholinesterase in Behavioral Disorders

THE TRUTH ABOUT A FALSE TRANSMITTER

NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR

Neurotrophic Factors

Neurotrophic Factors and Their Environments

Roles During Neuronal Development and Beyond

Recovery from Morphological Lesions

Brain Transplants

Nerve Growth Factor, Brain Implants, and Behavior

Behavioral Recovery from Brain Lesions

CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FUTURE

NOTE

Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Selected Environmental Chemicals: Clinical and Subclinical Aspects

CLINICAL VERSUS SUBCLINICAL NEUROTOXICITY

NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Effects in the Developing Nervous System

Lead

Mercury

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

EFFECTS IN THE ADULT NERVOUS SYSTEM

Aluminum

Organic Solvents

Lack of Consistency

Lack of Developmental Perspective

Uncertain Health Significance

The Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure: Closing Pandora's Box

HISTORY OF THE PRESENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF LEAD

OVERVIEW OF MODERN STUDIES

Prospective Studies

Reproductive Effects

Early Behavioral Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure

Retrospective Studies on Correlation of Lead Body Burden and Behavior in Grade School Children

Later Behavioral Concomitants of Increased Lead Burden

Effects of Lead on Other Neuropsychological Endpoints

Other Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure

CRITICAL ISSUES.

Markers of Lead Exposure

Statistical Interpretation

Adequacy of Behavioral Methodology

Does Lead Contribute to Aging?

Overview of Cost to Society

Have Regulatory Agencies Been Slow to Act?

CLOSING PANDORA'S BOX

Chemical Time Bombs: Environmental Causes of Neurodegenerative Diseases

ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR CHEMICAL NEUROTOXICITY

CLASSIFYING CHEMICALLY INDUCED HUMAN NEUROTOXIC DISORDERS

THE MATURE NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET

DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET

Scientific Basis for Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing

Reference

PART IV BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF NEUROTOXICITY: REGIONAL ISSUES

Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing in China

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Carbon Disulfide

Simulated Video Display Terminal (VDT) Operation

Static Magnetic Fields (SMF)

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Mood States

Performance Tests

EXPECTED DIRECTIONS: BARRIERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Developments in the Near Future

Developing and Validating Test Methods

Generating New Measuring Instruments

Building a Computerized Evaluation System

Limitations and Barriers

Variation of Test Sensitivity from Study to Study

Bias of Learning Effect

Controlling Confounding Factors

Interpreting Results Obtained from Neurobehavioral Tests

Comments and Recommendations

Training and Education

Exploring the Possibility of Combining Quantitative Biochemical Markers and Neurobehavioral Testing

Development, Validation, and Characterization of Methods

Status of Research and Development of Neurobehavioral Toxicity Tests in China

Expected Directions in the Development of Behavioral Tests of Neurotoxicity

Problems and Recommendations

References.

Regional Issues in the Development of the Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery.

Notes:

"[Sponsored by] U.S. National Committee for the International Union of Psychological Science, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council."

Based on the Workshop on Behavioral Aspects of Neurotoxicity, Critical Issues, held in Aug. 1988 at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610214501

9781280214509

1280214503

9780309559652

0309559650

9780585148939

0585148937

OCLC:

923269158