Agricultural crop issues and policies / Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.

Series:

Managing global genetic resources.

Managing global genetic resources

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Crops--Germplasm resources--Management.

Crops.

Germplasm resources, Plant--Management.

Germplasm resources, Plant.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (475 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This anchor volume to the series Managing Global Genetic Resources examines the structure that underlies efforts to preserve genetic material, including the worldwide network of genetic collections; the role of biotechnology; and a host of issues that surround management and use. Among the topics explored are "in situ" versus "ex situ" conservation, management of very large collections of genetic material, problems of quarantine, the controversy over ownership or copyright of genetic material, and more.

Contents:

MANAGING GLOBAL GENETIC RESOURCES

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Contents

Executive Summary

AN AGRICULTURAL ENDOWMENT

THE NEED FOR GENETIC RESOURCES

ACCESSING GENETIC RESOURCES

The Role of Science and Technology

In Situ or Ex Situ Conservation?

Managing the Numbers

Describing Collections

Regeneration: Essential but Overlooked

The Role of Biotechnology

Exchange and Ownership

Quarantine

Ownership

BUILDING COOPERATION

National Programs

International Cooperation

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: RECOMMENDATIONS

Managing Crop Vulnerability

Management and Use

Technology Development and Research

Policy and Politics

Institutions

Multilevel Collaborations on Genetic Conservation

An Overview of Genetic Resources Management

THE IMPORTANCE OF GERMPLASM

THE ORIGINS OF CONSERVATION

THE USEFULNESS OF GERMPLASM

THE THREAT OF GENETIC VULNERABILITY

EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL CONCERNS

DISSENTING VIEWS

THE PROBLEM OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

MICROORGANISM COLLECTIONS

PART I BASIC SCIENCE ISSUES

1 Genetic Vulnerability and Crop Diversity

WHAT IS GENETIC VULNERABILITY?

Critical Factors and Assumptions

The Role of Uniformity

The Role of Monoculture

The Role of Environment

Measuring Genetic Vulnerability

PLANT, PATHOGEN, PEST, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS

Evolutionary Nature of the Relationship

Types of Relationships

Evolution of Major Pathogens

Minor Pathogen Enhancement

Environmental Enhancement of Pathogen Effects

Varieties Vulnerable in New Regions

Varieties Vulnerable to Exotic Pathogens

Agronomically Related Vulnerability

Change in Vulnerability to Discounted Pests

BREEDING STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON GENETIC DIVERSITY

Genetic Diversity in Primitive and Modern Varieties.

Germplasm Varietal Development and Vulnerability

Gains in Productivity

Vulnerability and Varietal Replacement Over Time

Alternative Strategies to Enhance Diversity and Increase Stability

VULNERABILITY AND CROP DIVERSITY SINCE 1970

Dry Beans

Wheat

Maize

Rice

Minor Crops

Genetic Vulnerability Today

RECOMMENDATIONS

2 Crop Diversity: Institutional Responses

GERMPLASM COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION WORLDWIDE

Role of IBPGR in Catalyzing Collection and Conservation

Germplasm Banks Worldwide

Evaluation

IBPGR Interactions with the IARCs

Interactions with National Programs

Roles of Other International Agencies

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CROP BREEDING PROGRAMS

Progress with Legumes, Root Crops, and Vegetables

Nurseries and the Enhancement of Exotic Germplasm

Networks and Interactions with National Programs

Concerns

GLOBAL IMPACT OF ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Changes in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System

Impact of Plant Varietal Protection and Patents

Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Exchange

International Impact

Changing Public and Private Sector Roles

The Decline of Public Sector Breeding Programs

The Growth of Private Sector Breeding Programs

Restructuring of the Seed Industry

Balancing Public and Private Sector Roles

International Implications

3 In Situ Conservation of Genetic Resources

THE IMPORTANCE OF IN SITU CONSERVATION

WILD SPECIES AS GENETIC RESOURCES

Genetic Conservation Areas

THE STATUS OF IN SITU CONSERVATION OF WILD TYPES

Obstacles to In Situ Conservation of Wild Genetic Resources

The Potential of Using Existing Protected Areas as Germplasm Banks

THE STATUS OF IN SITU CONSERVATION OF DOMESTICATED TYPES

4 The Science of Collecting Genetic Resources

TYPES OF COLLECTIONS.

Base Collections

Back-Up Collections

Active Collections

Breeders' Collections

SAMPLING STRATEGIES

PARAMETERS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

Neutral Allele Model

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF GENETIC DIVERSITY: NUMBERS OF ALLELES AND ALLELIC PROFILES

Quantitative Characters

Qualitative or Discretely Inherited Characters

Enzyme Variants

FORMULATION OF SAMPLING STRATEGIES

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF ALLELIC DIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY INFLUENCED GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION

A Wild, Predominantly Self-Pollinating Species

Isozyme Variation Within and Among Cultivated Races of Maize, An Outbreeding Species

SAMPLE SIZES FOR EACH COLLECTION SITE

Capturing Lower-Frequency Alleles

Size of the Sample

NUMBER OF SITES TO SAMPLE

5 The Science of Managing Genetic Resources

SEED REGENERATION

Breeding Systems

Principles Involved in Maintaining Genetic Integrity During Regeneration

Contamination from Outcrossing

Differential Survival

Isolation

Population Size in Relation to Inbreeding Depression and Drift

Maintaining Effective Population Sizes

The Effect of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection

Regeneration of Predominantly Inbreeding Species

Maintenance of Landraces or Wild Species

CHARACTERIZATION

EVALUATION

Increase of Seed or Plant Parts

Multidisciplinary Approach to Evaluation

Planning and Implementing Evaluation Tests

Choice of Representative Environments or Sites

Preventing Exotic Germplasm from Becoming a Serious Pest

Verification of Evaluation Data

Communication Among Plant Germplasm Users

Documentation

MONITORING OF SEED VIABILITY AND GENETIC INTEGRITY DURING STORAGE

REDUNDANCY AMONG COLLECTIONS

Core Subsets of Collections

Advantages of Core Subsets

Disadvantages of the Core Concept

Practical Problems with Core Subsets.

RECOMMENDATIONS

6 Using Genetic Resources

AN EXAMPLE OF GERMPLASM USE

BREEDERS' PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES

Monitoring Advanced Materials

Performance Advances

USERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE GERMPLASM SYSTEM

BREEDERS' PERCEPTIONS OF ACTIVE COLLECTIONS

Passport and Descriptor Information

Maintenance, Rejuvenation, and Sample Size

Redundancy

Obsolescence

MODERNIZATION OF ACTIVE COLLECTIONS

EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES AND GERMPLASM USE

Barley

7 Biotechnology and Germplasm Conservation

ALTERNATIVES TO STORING SEEDS AND WHOLE ORGANISMS

In Vitro Conservation of Plants

In Vitro Storage

Collecting Germplasm In Vitro

In Vitro Exchange of Germplasm

In Vitro Conservation of Animals

MOLECULAR CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES

DNA as a Genetic Resource

DNA Sequence Data Banks

Restriction Fragment length Polymorphisms

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

Other Uses for Probes

8 Documentation of Genetic Resources

INFORMATION ON GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS

Management Information

Descriptive Information

Sources of Additional Information

Information on Other Collections

Information on Related Topics

Standardization of Information

COMPUTERIZATION OF GERMPLASM COLLECTION DATA

Hardware

Software

Standardization of Systems

Information Supply to Users

CURRENT STATUS OF GENETIC RESOURCES DOCUMENTATION

Collection Data Bases

Central Crop Data Bases

Other Sources of Information

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

9 The Conservation of Genetic Stock Collections

IMPORTANCE AND USE OF GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS

GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS

Development and Location

Development of Genetic Stock Collections

Maintaining Genetic Stock Collections.

Components of Collections

Single-Gene or Single-Trait Variants

Cytogenetic Stock

Other Genetic Stocks

Breeding Lines Versus Genetic Stock Collections

MAINTAINING GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Special Needs and Requirements

EXAMPLES OF GENETIC STOCK COLLECTIONS

The Charles M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center

Operations of the TGSC

Future Operations

Barley Genetic Stock Collections

The Barley Genetic and Aneuploid Stock Collection

Operations of the Barley Genetic and Aneuploid Stock Collection

TOWARD A MORE SECURE FUTURE

10 The Genetic Resources of Microorganisms

ORGANIZATION OF MICROBIAL CULTURE COLLECTIONS

MICROBIAL RESOURCES IN CULTURE COLLECTIONS

CONSERVING MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

Numbers and Richness of Microbial Species

MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC STABILITY IN CULTURE

Traditional Preservation Methods

Freeze-Drying and Liquid Nitrogen Preservation

MAINTENANCE IN NATURAL HABITATS

POTENTIAL OF MICROBES IN THE AGRICULTURAL, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL, AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

Exploitation of Metabolites

Genetic Engineering

Application of Microorganisms in Agriculture

Part II POLICY ISSUES

11 Exchange of Genetic Resources: Quarantine

REDUCING THE RISKS FROM PESTS AND PATHOGENS

QUARANTINE AND GLOBAL TRANSFER OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

Quarantine as a Pest Control Strategy

Quarantine and Genetic Resources

Legal Basis of Quarantine

Biologic Basis of Quarantine

Geographic Basis of Quarantine

Pests and Pathogens of Quarantine Significance

Pathways for the Entry of Pests and Pathogens

Pest Risk Analysis

IMPORTATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES

12 Exchange of Genetic Resources: Proprietary Rights

PROPRIETARY RIGHTS ON LIVING BEINGS

Plants

Animals

Microbes.

Related Rights.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 381-406) and index.

ISBN:

9786610203994

9781280203992

1280203994

9780309598262

0309598265

9780585025346

0585025347

OCLC:

42854271