Evaluating vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance programs / Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Trransportation Research Board, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Automobiles--Motors--Pollution control devices--Inspection--Government policy--United States--Evaluation.

Automobiles.

Air quality management--United States--Evaluation.

Air quality management.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (260 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 2001.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness.

Contents:

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Copyright

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEW PARTICIPANTS

Preface

Contents

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Summary

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Prospective Estimates of Emissions Reductions from I/M Programs

Findings

Recommendations

High-Emitting Vehicles

Evaluating I/M Emissions Reductions

Research Issues in I/M Evaluation

NO and Participate Matter (PM) Emissions

Remote Sensing

On-Board Diagnostics

Use of the MOBILE Model

Importance of Cost-Effectiveness and Public Response to I/M

1 Motor Vehicle Emissions and Regulation

THE COMMITTEE'S CHARGE AND HOW IT ORIGINATED

COMMITTEE'S RESPONSE TO THE CHARGE-REPORT CONTENTS

AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY MOBILE SOURCES

VEHICLE TYPES AND STANDARDS

Vehicle Types

Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Standards

Vehicle Evaporative Emissions Standards

DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS

OVERVIEW OF VEHICLE I/M PROGRAMS

EVOLVING ISSUES AFFECTING I/M IN THE FUTURE

SUMMARY

2 Vehicle Emissions-Control Technologies

OVERVIEW

ENGINE CONTROLS

Crankcase Emissions Controls

Combustion Emissions Controls

Exhaust After-Treatment

EVAPORATIVE CONTROLS

OBD SYSTEMS

3 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs

I/M PROGRAM NETWORK TYPES

Centralized Network

Decentralized Network

Hybrid Program

VEHICLE-EMISSIONS TESTING

Mass Emissions versus Concentration Measurements.

Steady-State Versus Transient Testing

Exhaust Emissions Test Types

Mass Emissions Tests

Concentration Tests

Comparison of Exhaust Emissions-Test Types

Evaporative Emissions Tests

OTHER PROGRAM ELEMENTS ADDRESSING TESTING AND REPAIRS

Technician Training

Test-Cycle Interval

Waiver Limits

Cutpoints

Compliance and Enforcement

EFFECT OF CURRENT I/M PROGRAMS ON VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Recent Official Evaluations of State I/M Programs

Evaluations of California Smog Check Program

Colorado AIR Program

Independent Evaluations of State I/M Programs

Evaluation of Phoenix's Program

Evaluation of Minnesota's Program

Evaluation of Georgia's Program

EPA's National Tampering Surveys

4 Emerging Emissions Testing Technologies

MOTOR VEHICLE PROFILING

ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS

Readiness Code

Failure Criteria

Emissions or Pollutants of Concern

Fast Pass Using OBDII

Human Response to OBDII

Recent OBD I/M Regulations

Technical Analyses Regarding OBD I/M Tests

Summary of Technical Issues Regarding OBD I/M Tests

REMOTE SENSING

Remote-Sensor Accuracy

Carbon Monoxide

Hydrocarbons

Nitrogen Oxides

Particulate Matter

Site Selection and Effects of Engine Load

Coverage

Need for Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Use of Remote Sensing to Identify High Emitters

Hawthorne (Los Angeles) 1989 Study

Rosemead Boulevard (Los Angeles) 1991 Study

Michigan 1992 Study

Orange County (Los Angeles) 1995 Study

Arizona High-Emitter Program

Use of Remote Sensing to Screen for Clean Vehicles

ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR CONTROLLING LIFETIME EMISSIONS

5 Estimating Inspection and Maintenance Emissions Reductions Using the MOBILE Model

USE OF MOBILE IN REGULATORY APPLICATIONS

MODEL PREDICTIONS COMPARED WITH PROGRAM EVALUATION DATA.

MOBILE I/M INPUTS

Compliance Rates

Waiver Rate

Stringency Rate

REVIEW OF MOBILE6 I/M MODELING APPROACH

Non-I/M Basic Emissions Rate

I/M Credits

Repair Emissions Rate

Identification Rate

Noncomplying Vehicles

Average Emissions after I/M

Application of the I/M Credit

OBD Effects

Antitampering Programs

Evaporative Emissions and I/M

CALIFORNIA'S EMFAC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING I/M EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

6 Evaluating Inspection and Maintenance Programs: Methods for Estimating Emissions Reductions

METHODS FOR MEASURING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

Data to Estimate I/M Emissions Reductions

Data from I/M Programs

Data from Roadside Testing

Data from Remote Sensing

Data on Evaporative Emissions

Duration of Vehicle Repairs Issues

Methods for Estimating I/M Tailpipe Emissions Reductions

Reference Method

Critiques of the EPA-Approved Reference Method

Step Method

Comprehensive Method

Methods for Estimating Emissions Reductions From Induced Fleet Change

Induced Scrapping

Induced Relocation

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS

States Conducting Comprehensive Evaluations

States Conducting Shortened Evaluations

Performance Indicators

7 Evaluating Inspection and Maintenance For Costs and Other Criteria

EVALUATING COST AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF I/M

Measuring Costs

Costs of Finding Failing Vehicles

Testing Costs

Motorists' Costs

Repair Costs

Laboratory Studies of Repair Costs

In-Program Studies of Repair Costs

Fuel-Economy Savings

Program Administration and Oversight

Distribution of Costs Among Motorists

Overall Cost-Effectiveness of I/M

Multiple Pollutants

Estimates of Program Cost-Effectiveness

Cost-Effectiveness of Marginal Changes to I/M Programs

Changes in Cutpoints.

High-Emitter and Low-Emitter Profiling

Model-Year Exemption

Other Potential Program Modifications

COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

Motorist Compliance

Windshield-Sticker Enforcement

Registration Denial

Testing Station Compliance

Quality Assurance

Evaluating Motorist and Station Compliance

PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND POLITICAL FEASIBILITY OF I/M AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF AIR POLLUTION

FUTURE TRENDS IN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY THAT AFFECT I/M PROGRAM EVALUATION

Decreasing Failure Rate

OBDII Evaluation

References

Glossary

Appendixes

Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Appendix B Abbreviations and Names Used for Classifying Organic Compounds

Appendix C Some Statistical Issues in Inspection and Maintenance Evaluations

VEHICLE EMISSIONS DISTRIBUTIONS

SAMPLING METHODS AND BIAS

FACTORS INFLUENCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS

HUMAN BEHAVIORAL FACTORS

NUMBER OF VEHICLES

AVERAGE VALUES AND LOG TRANSFORMS

TESTING NULL HYPOTHESES

CONFIDENCE LIMITS

CORRELATIONS

ISSUES IN EMISSIONS OF I/M TEST DATA TO ESTIMATE I/M BENEFITS

COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS AMONG PROGRAMS.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-214).

ISBN:

9786610184675

9780309170772

030917077X

9781280184673

1280184671

9780309565370

0309565375

OCLC:

70773212