Arsenic in drinking water : 2001 update / subcommittee to update the 1999 arsenic in drinking water report, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Drinking water--Contamination--United States.

Drinking water.

Drinking water--Arsenic content.

Arsenic--Toxicology--United States.

Arsenic.

Arsenic--Environmental aspects.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (241 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : National Academy Press, c2001.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Having safe drinking water is important to all Americans. The Environmental Protection Agency's decision in the summer of 2001 to delay implementing a new, more stringent standard for the maximum allowable level for arsenic in drinking water generated a great deal of criticism and controversy. Ultimately at issue were newer data on arsenic beyond those that had been examined in a 1999 National Research Council report. EPA asked the National Research Council for an evaluation of the new data available. The committee's analyses and conclusions are presented in Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update . New epidemiological studies are critically evaluated, as are new experimental data that provide information on how and at what level arsenic in drinking water can lead to cancer. The report's findings are consistent with those of the 1999 report that found high risks of cancer at the previous federal standard of 50 parts per billion. In fact, the new report concludes that men and women who consume water containing 3 parts per billion of arsenic daily have about a 1 in 1,000 increased risk of developing bladder or lung cancer during their lifetime.

Contents:

Arsenic in Drinking Water

Copyright

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Preface

Contents

Summary

CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE

THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE

THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION

Epidemiological (Human) Studies

Metabolism and Mode-of-Action Studies

Variability and Uncertainty in an Arsenic Risk Assessment

Quantitative Evaluation of Arsenic Toxicity

Research Needs

OVERALL CONCLUSIONS

1 Introduction

SUMMARY OF THE NRC'S 1999 ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER REPORT

POLICY BACKGROUND

Summary of EPA's Actions

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

REFERENCES

2 Human Health Effects

SUMMARY OF HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT

RECENT STUDIES OF NONCANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS

Cardiovascular Effects

Dermal Effects

Reproductive and Developmental Effects

Neurological Effects

Respiratory Effects

Hepatotoxic Effects

Hematological Effects

Diabetes

RECENT STUDIES OF CANCER EFFECTS IN HUMANS

General Issues with Exposure Measurement

Chiou et al. 2001 Study

Ferreccio et al. 2000 Study

Lewis et al. 1999 Study

Tsai et al. 1999 Study

Kurttio et al. 1999 Study

Karagas et al. 2001 Study

Tucker et al. 2001 Study

LATENCY PERIOD

ESSENTIALITY

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

3 Experimental Studies

SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT

TOXICOKINETICS

Methylation of Arsenic

Species Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic

Tissue Differences in the Methylation of Arsenic

Induction of Arsenic Methyltransferases

Trivalent Methylated Arsenic Metabolites

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES

Animal Bioassays

Species Differences in Toxicity

Developmental Toxicity Studies

MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY.

Relative Toxicity of Different Forms of Arsenic

Induction of Mutations and Chromosomal Abberations

Alterations in Signal Transduction, Cell-Cycle Control, Differentiation, and Apoptosis

Cell Signaling

Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity, and Anticancer Activity

Induction of Oxidative Stress

Alterations in Gene Expression

Resistance and Tolerance to Arsenic Cytotoxicity

Implications of Mode-of-Action Studies of Arsenic in Drinking Water to Human Carcinogenesis

4 Variability and Uncertainty

VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY

VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTIES DISCUSSED IN THE 1999 REPORT

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY

Exposure

Per Capita Water Consumption

Water Consumption in the U.S. Population

Water Consumption in the Taiwanese Study Population

Consideration of Infants and Children

Susceptibility from Exposure Differences

Intrinsic Susceptibility

Variability in Arsenic Metabolism

Genetic Polymorphisms Related to Arsenic Metabolism

Population Variations in Arsenic Metabolism

Interindividual Variation in Arsenic Metabolism

Effect of Dose on Arsenic Methylation

Effect of Other Chemicals on Arsenic Methylation

Metabolic Variability, Tissue Retention, and Health Effects

SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY

Dose Metrics and Model Uncertainty

Exposure to Arsenic in Food and Effect of Diet and Nutrition

Other Uncertainties

VALUE-OF-INFORMATION APPROACH

5 Quantitative Assessment of Risks Using Modeling Approaches

OVERVIEW OF THE SCIENCE UNDERLYING EPA'S 2001 PROPOSED REGULATION

Hazard Identification

Choice of End Point

Dose-Response Modeling

Model Choice and Selection of a Comparison Group

Adjustments for Water Intake

Adjustments for Dietary Intake of Arsenic.

Adjustments for Mortality Versus Incidence

OVERVIEW OF THE SAB'S REPORT ON THE 2001 RISK ASSESSMENT

Inorganic Arsenic As Principal Form of Arsenic Causing Health Effects

Implications of Exposure to Natural Arsenic Through Food

Health Advisory on Low-Arsenic Water and Infant Formula

SAB's Comments on EPA's Interpretation of the NRC Report

Choice of End Point and Study

Quantitative Risk Estimates

BEIR IV

Statistical Analyses and Dose-Response Modeling

Model Choice

Use of a Comparison Population

Functional Form of Dose-Response Relationship

Impact of Dietary Intake of Arsenic

Impact of Variability in Drinking-Water Intake

Effects of Exposure-Measurement Error

Mortality Versus Incidence

Calculated Risk Estimates

6 Hazard Assessment

FINDINGS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE

COMPARISONS OF RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENTS

Estimates of Effective Dose for a 1% Response: ED01

Cancer Risk Estimates

PLAUSIBILITY OF CANCER RISK ESTIMATES

REFERENCES.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610184217

9780309170437

0309170435

9781280184215

1280184213

9780309565707

0309565707

OCLC:

70746481