In situ bioremediation : when does it work? / Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology Board.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

In situ bioremediation--Evaluation.

In situ bioremediation.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (224 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

First published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Contents:

In Situ Bioremediation

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION

THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF BIOREMEDIATION

Engineered Bioremediation

Intrinsic Bioremediation

Integration of Bioremediation with Other Technologies

EVALUATING IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

Measurements of Field Samples

Experiments Run in the Field

Modeling Experiments

Limitations Inherent in Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation

CONCLUSIONS: FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR BIOREMEDIATION

Recommended Steps In Research

Recommended Steps in Education

1 Introduction

2 Principles of Bioremediation

THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN BIOREMEDIATION

How Microbes Destroy Contaminants

Basics of Microbial Metabolism

Variations on Basic Metabolism

Microbial Nutritional Requirements for Contaminant Destruction

How Microbes Demobilize Contaminants

Indicators of Microbial Activity

Chemical Changes

Adaptation by Native Organisms

Growth of Predators

Complicating Factors

Unavailability of Contaminants to the Organisms

Toxicity of Contaminants to the Organisms

Presence of Multiple Contaminants and Natural Organic Chemicals

Incomplete Degradation of Contaminants

Inability to Remove Contaminants to Low Concentrations

Aquifer Clogging

CONTAMINANTS SUSCEPTIBLE TO BIOREMEDIATION

Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Derivatives

Halogenated Compounds

Halogenated Aliphatics

Halogenated Aromatics

Nitroaromatics

Metals

ENVIRONMENTS AMENABLE TO BIOREMEDIATION

Two Types of Bioremediation: Intrinsic and Engineered

References

Site Conditions for Engineered Bioremediation

Site Conditions for Intrinsic Bioremediation

Impact of Site Heterogeneity on Bioremediation

FURTHER READING

3 The Current Practice of Bioremediation

BIOREMEDIATION VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES.

BASICS OF BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS DESIGN

Bioremediation Systems for Unsaturated Soils

Bioremediation Systems for Ground Water

INTEGRATION OF BIOREMEDIATION WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

GOOD PRACTICES

4 Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation

A THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR ''PROVING" IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

TECHNIQUES FOR DEMONSTRATING BIODEGRADATION IN THE FIELD

Number of Bacteria

Number of Protozoans

Rates of Bacterial Activity

Bacterial Adaptation

Inorganic Carbon Concentration

Carbon Isotope Ratios

Electron Acceptor Concentration

Byproducts of Anaerobic Activity

Intermediary Metabolite Formation

Ratio of Nondegradable to Degradable Substances

Stimulating Bacteria Within Subsites

Measuring the Electron Acceptor Uptake Rate

Monitoring Conservative Tracers

Labeling Contaminants

Types of Models

How to Use Models

Limitations of Models

LIMITATIONS INHERENT IN EVALUATING IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

5 Future Prospects for Bioremediation

NEW FRONTIERS IN BIOREMEDIATION

THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATING BIOREMEDIATION

Recommended Steps in Research

Background Papers

A Regulator's Perspective on In Situ Bioremediation

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

SITE DESCRIPTION

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

OVERALL SITE CLEANUP DESCRIPTION

CONCLUSION

An Industry's Perspective on Intrinsic Bioremediation

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

EVIDENCE FOR INTRINSIC BIOREMEDIATION OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN

LEVELS OF INTRINSIC ATTENUATION IN GROUND WATER

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

REFERENCES

Bioremediation from an Ecological Perspective

SUMMARY.

INTRODUCTION

BASIC PRINCIPLES

Specificity

Microbial Diversity

Biogeography of Biodegraders

Pollutants as Analogs of Natural Products

Natural Selection

THREE KEY QUESTIONS

Is the Chemical Biodegradable?

Is the Environment Habitable?

What Is the Rate-Limiting Factor and Can It Be Modified?

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In Situ Bioremediation: The State of the Practice

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

CURRENT USES

Treatment of Degradable Mobile Contaminants

Resistant Organics

FUTURE OF THE TECHNOLOGY

Physical/Chemical Limitations

Microbiological Limitations

Site Assessment Limitations

Future Needs

Bioaugmentation

Analytical Methods

Process Innovations

Engineering Challenges of Implementing In Situ Bioremediation

SUBSURFACE BIOREACTOR REQUIREMENTS

Subsurface Investigation

Permeability

Environmental Conditions

Monitoring

AQUIFER PREPARATION

Source and Free Product Removal

Plume Containment

IN SITU BIOSTIMULATION

Role of Nutrients, Electron Donors, Acceptors

Alternate Substrates

Nutrient Delivery

Oxygen, Air, Hydrogen Peroxide

Inorganic Nutrients

Microbial Introduction

DETERMINING THE SUCCESS OF IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

Field-Monitoring Methods

CONCLUSIONS

Modeling In Situ Bioremediation

MODELING BIODEGRADATION PROCESSES

Previous Modeling Efforts

Development and Application of BIOPLUME

Testing Bioremediation in the Field

APPROPRIATE SITE CHARACTERIZATION

Estimates of Total Contaminant Mass

Estimates of Contaminant Dilution in Ground Water

Estimate of Recirculated Volume of Water.

Estimate of Partitioning Between Oil and Water

Estimate of Bioremediation

CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS AT FIELD SCALE

Can Any Oily-Phase Residual Support a Plume?

Accounting for Spatial Heterogeneity

Remediation of Ground Water at the Denver Site

Remediation of Subsurface Material at the Denver Site

Do Mass Transfer Effects Limit Development of a Plume?

Relationship to Siting and Sampling Monitoring Wells

Appendixes

A Glossary

B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

Index

Other Recent Reports of the Water Science and Technology Board.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610196098

9781280196096

1280196092

9780309585507

0309585503

9780585027265

0585027269

OCLC:

614680210