Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants. Volume 3 / Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council Staff, Corporate Author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Space cabin atmospheres.

Space vehicles--Contamination.

Space vehicles.

Space vehicles--Air pollution.

Space vehicles--Air quality--Standards.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (362 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has measured numerous airborne contaminants in spacecraft during space missions because of the potential toxicological hazards to humans that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. This volume reviews the spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for various contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with recommendations in the National Research Council's 1992 volume Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants .

Contents:

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Copyright

Preface

Contents

SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: Introduction

SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS

REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS

REFERENCES

Appendix A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION...

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS ...

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM

MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS

Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants

In Vitro Toxicity Studies

Animal Toxicity Studies

Clinical and Epidemiological Observations

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

Biological Markers

RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA)

ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS

Appendix B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

B1 BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE (HALON 1301)

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

OCCURRENCE AND USE

TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM

Toxicokinetics

Metabolism

TOXICITY SUMMARY

Acute and Short-Term Exposures

Human Exposures

CNS Effects

Cardiac Effects

Irritation

Animal Exposures

Histopathology and Mortality

Subchronic Exposures

Developmental Toxicity

Mutagenicity

Carcinogenicity

RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS

Studies Not Considered in Setting ACs

Studies on ''Impure'' Halon 1301

Studies on Irritation

Studies on Short-Term Exposures of Animals

Studies Considered in Setting ACs

Studies on CNS Effects in Humans.

Studies on Cardiovascular Effects in Humans

Studies on Subchronic Exposures in Animals

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

B2 1-BUTANOL

Absorption

Distribution

Elimination

Light Adaptation

Hepatotoxicity

Lethality

Subchronic and Chronic Exposures

Inhalation Exposures

Oral Exposures

Epidemiological Studies in Workers

Genotoxicity

Reproductive Toxicity

Interaction with Other Chemicals

Irritation and Inflammation of the Eyes

Long-Term Systemic Injury

Spaceflight Effects

RECOMMENDATIONS

B3 TERT-BUTANOL

Chronic Exposures

Renal Lesions and Tumors

Urinary-Bladder Injury

Thyroid Lesions and Tumors

B4 DIACETONE ALCOHOL

Interactions with Other Chemicals

CNS Depression.

Irritation of Eyes and Throat

Potential Liver Injury

B5 DICHLOROACETYLENE

Acute Exposures

Short-Term Exposures

Noncancer Toxicity

Biological Interactions

Nephrotoxicity

Neurotoxicity

Summary

B6 1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE

Cause of Death and Internal Injuries

Miscellaneous Symptoms

CNS Depression

Corneal Opacity

Bacterial Respiratory Infection

Gastroenterological and Hepatic Toxicity

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Liver Toxicity

Impaired Host Defense

Carcinogenesis

Establishment of SMACs

B7 ETHANOL

Excretion

Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism Before 1900

Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism by 1950

Present Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism

Mucosal Irritation

Flush Response

Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity

Reproductive Toxicity.

Developmental Toxicity

Mucosal and Eye Irritation

B8 ETHYLBENZENE

Eye and Respiratory Irritation

NOAELs for All Measured Effects

Respiratory Distress, CNS Effects

Neurochemical Changes

Sleepiness, Fatigue, Eye, and Respiratory Irritation and Headache

Kidney and Liver Changes

Testicular Toxicity

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

Sleepiness and Headache

Spaceflight Considerations

B9 ETHYLENE GLYCOL

Acute or Short-Term Exposures

CNS, Cardiopulmonary, and Renal Toxicity

Metabolic Acidosis and Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms

Mucosal Irritation and Eye Toxicity

Renal Toxicity

Potential Effect on the Liver

Potential Hematological Effects

Establishment of SMAC Values

REFERENCES.

B10 GLUTARALDEHYDE

Background

Irritation and Depressed Weight Gain

Respiratory Distress

Hepatitis

Irritation, Hematological Effects, and Decreased Organ Weights

Contact Dermatitis

Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes

Lesions of the Respiratory Tract

SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS

B11 TRICHLOROETHYLENE

Absorption and Distribution

Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures

Noncarcinogenicity

Reproductive and Developmental Effects

Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmia

Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

B12 XYLENE

Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity

Gastrointestinal Effects in Humans

1-h and 24-h ACs in Humans

1-h and 24-h ACs in Rats

Throat Irritation

1-h and 24-h ACs

7-d 30-d, and 180-d ACs

Eye Irritation

Histopathological Changes

Narcosis

Reduced Cardiac Output.

SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS.

Notes:

"The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration grant no. NAGW-2239"--T.p. verso.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-309-17512-7

1-280-19183-X

9786610191833

0-309-58989-4

0-585-14663-2

OCLC:

559401952