Aviation safety and pilot control : understanding and preventing unfavorable pilot-vehicle interactions / Committee on the Effects of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling on Flight Safety, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Effects of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling on Flight Safety.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Airplanes--Design and construction.

Airplanes.

Airplanes--Piloting--Human factors.

Aeronautics--Safety measures.

Aeronautics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (220 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, c1997.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Adverse aircraft-pilot coupling (APC) events include a broad set of undesirable and sometimes hazardous phenomena that originate in anomalous interactions between pilots and aircraft. As civil and military aircraft technologies advance, interactions between pilots and aircraft are becoming more complex. Recent accidents and other incidents have been attributed to adverse APC in military aircraft. In addition, APC has been implicated in some civilian incidents. This book evaluates the current state of knowledge about adverse APC and processes that may be used to eliminate it from military and commercial aircraft. It was written for technical, government, and administrative decisionmakers and their technical and administrative support staffs; key technical managers in the aircraft manufacturing and operational industries; stability and control engineers; aircraft flight control system designers; research specialists in flight control, flying qualities, human factors; and technically knowledgeable lay readers.

Contents:

Aviation Safety And Pilot Control

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

THE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE

IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION

INCREASING AWARENESS

ELIMINATING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

Management

Design Criteria

Simulation and Flight Tests

INTERIM PRESCRIPTION FOR AVOIDING SEVERE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

Reduce Category I Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies

Implications for Design of the Effective Aircraft Dynamics

Suitable Metrics and Criteria

Minimize Category II and III Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies

Examine the Possibility of Non-Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events

Conduct Assessments and Evaluations Using Simulators

Implications for Design

Implications for Test Execution

Conduct Flight Evaluations

ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES

1 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Problems: Definitions, Descriptions, and History

INTRODUCTION

Initial Concrete Example

PILOT-VEHICLE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

Aircraft with Conventional Flight Control Systems

Aircraft with Fly-by-Wire Flight Control Systems

STUDY OVERVIEW

Statement of Task and Committee Membership

Study Approach

Report Organization

2 Varieties of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Experience

CATEGORIES OF OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

Category I: Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations

Category II: Quasi-Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Rate or Position Limiting

Category III: Nonlinear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Transitions.

NONLINEAR, CLIFF-LIKE, PILOT-INVOLVED OSCILLATIONS

Common Cliff Producers

Rate Limiting

Command Path Gain Shaping

NON-OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING

TRIGGERS

Environmental Triggers

Vehicle Triggers

Flight Control System-Aircraft Configuration Mismatches

System failures

FCS Mode Shifts

Pilot Triggers

CASE STUDIES OF RECENT AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS IN FLY-BY-WIRE SYSTEMS

Case 1. Lockheed Martin/Boeing YF-22

Description of Event

Analysis

Post-Event Simulations

Case 2. Boeing 777

Post-Event Flight Test and Simulation

Conclusions

Case 3. McDonnell-Douglas C-17

Corrective Action

Case 4. Airbus A 320

Case 5. Special Considerations for Rotorcraft

3 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling as a Current Problem in Aviation

TRENDS FROM A REVIEW OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS

FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS

FLIGHT OPERATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE

MILITARY AIRCRAFT

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

4 Precluding Adverse Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events

LESSONS LEARNED

RECOMMENDED PROCESSES FOR IDENTIFYING AND PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

Management Policies

Design Process

Establish Flight Control Philosophy and Objectives

Define Flying Qualities Requirements

Detailed Flight Control Design

Structured Analysis of System Performance

Simulation Considerations

Simulation, Laboratory, and Flight Test Flying Qualities and Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Evaluations

Tasks to Identify APC Tendencies

Flight Test

TECHNICAL FIXES

SUMMARY OF FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

5 Simulation and Analysis of the Pilot-Vehicle System

GROUND AND IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION

SIMULATION TYPES

Non-Real-Time Simulations.

Pilot-in-the-Loop, Fixed-Base Simulation

Pilot-In-The-Loop, Moving-Base And In-Flight Simulation

Hot-Bench And Iron-Bird Simulation

Simulation Summary

OVERVIEW OF HUMAN PILOT CHARACTERISTICS

Modern Piloting Tasks

Human Pilot Performance

PILOT MODELS AND PILOT-VEHICLE ANALYSES

Classical Approach

Background

Crossover Model

Synchronous Pilot Model

Modern Approach

Optimal Control Model

Different Modes of Pilot Behavior

Compensatory Control

Pursuit Control

Precognitive Control

Organization of Perceptions

Remarks

Applying Pilot Models to the APC Problem

6 Criteria for Assessing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Potential

PREREQUISITES FOR CRITERIA

Validity

Selectivity

Ready Applicability

PROMINENT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR CATEGORY I

Aircraft-Bandwidth/Phase Delay

Illustrative Example

Smith-Geddes Attitude-Dominant Type III Criterion

Estimating the Frequency of Category I Oscillatory APC Events

Neal-Smith Criteria and Modifications

Dropback

Extending Criteria to the Lateral Axis

MILITARY STATUS AND TRENDS

Development of New Quantitative Requirements for MIL STD 1797

Development of Verification Maneuver Requirements by the U.S. Air Force

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING OTHER CONDITIONS

Pilot-Aircraft Systems with Higher-Frequency Modes

Non-Oscillatory APC Events

Category II Assessments and Criteria

CONCLUSIONS

7 Findings and Recommendations

CHAPTER 1 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING PROBLEMS: DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND HISTORY

CHAPTER 2 VARIETIES OF AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE

CHAPTER 3 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION

CHAPTER 4 PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS

CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PILOT-VEHICLE SYSTEM

Simulation.

Analysis

Recommendations

CHAPTER 6 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING POTENTIAL

Appendices

Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

Appendix B Participants in Committee Meetings

Main Workshop November 27-29, 1995

Speakers

Other Participants

Secondary Workshop March 21-22, 1996

Southern California Fact-Finding Trip March 18-19, 1996

Meeting at Dryden Flight Research Center

Meeting at the Air Force Flight Test Center

Meeting at the National Test Pilot School

European Fact-Finding Trip April 27-May 7, 1996

Meeting at Aerospatiale, Toulouse Plant

Meeting at British Aerospace Defence, Military Aircraft Division

Meeting at U.K. Department of Transport, Air Accidents Investigation Branch

Meeting at Saab Military Aircraft

Appendix C Details of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Examples

Essentially Linear Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events

Some Nonlinear Characteristics That Can Lead To Flying Qualities Cliffs

Command-Path Gain-Shaping

Appendix D Research

Ongoing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Simulation Technique Research

T-33 Have PIO Simulation Technique

C-17 Comparison between In-Flight and Ground-Based Simulation and Flight Test

Development of APC Simulation Techniques for Fighter Aircraft Using the Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft

APC Compensation And Detection Research

Compensation System Research

Development of Theory-Based Detection Algorithm

Neural Network Empirically-Based Detection System

Acronyms

Glossary

References.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-208).

ISBN:

9786610210558

9780309175081

0309175089

9781280210556

1280210559

9780309596770

0309596777

9780585090986

058509098X

OCLC:

70740307