Aviation fuels with improved fire safety : a proceedings / Committee on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.)

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Airplanes--Fuel.

Airplanes.

Airplanes--Fuel consumption.

Fire prevention.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (157 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires.

Contents:

Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety

Copyright

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

I Summary of Workshop

1 Background and Historical Perspective

AIRCRAFT FIRE SAFETY

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH ON FUEL FIRE SAFETY

Gelled Fuel Program

Antimisting Kerosene (AMK) Program

POLICY CONTEXT

References

2 Workshop Discussions

FUEL AND ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

CHARACTERIZING FUEL FIRES

FIRE INERTING AND SUPPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES

COST CONSIDERATIONS

3 Summary of Progress and Opportunities

GENERAL CONCEPTS

RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

II Presented Papers Fuel and Additive Technologies

4 Potential Surfactant Additives: The Search for the Oxymoron

5 Fire Safety in Military Aircraft Fuel Systems

INTRODUCTION

JET FUELS

FUEL FLAMMABILITY

THE FIRE PROBLEM

COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS

FUTURE TRENDS

SUMMARY

6 Rheology: Tools and Methods

VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR

STEADY-SHEAR RHEOLOGY

DYNAMIC RHEOLOGY

RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS (STEADY/DYNAMIC SHEAR)

EXTENSIONAL RHEOLOGY

RHEOLOGY OF SILICA DISPERSIONS

RHEOLOGY OF ASSOCIATIVE-POLYMER SOLUTIONS

RHEOLOGY OF AVIATION FUELS

7 Jet Fuel Chemistry and Formulation

ABSTRACT

DEFINING JET FUEL REQUIREMENTS

PRODUCTION METHODS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

ADDITIVES

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND REACTIVITY

TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE

8 Concepts for Safe-Fuel Technology

BACKGROUND

Previous Safe-Fuel Technologies

Halon and Halon Replacements

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

NEW AND UNDEVELOPED SAFE-FUEL TECHNOLOGIES.

Surface Enhancement Technology

Low Volatility Technology

Self-Activating Powder Extinguishment Technology

TECHNOLOGY COMBINATIONS

Micro-encapsulation

System Applications

III Presented Papers Aircraft Fuel System Requirements

9 Engine Fuel System Design Issues

ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO FLAMMABILITY

QUALIFICATION TESTING RELATED TO FLAMMABILITY

FUEL SYSTEM MATERIALS

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

10 Applications of Vulnerability Analysis and Test Methods to Aircraft Design

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS

FIRE AND EXPLOSION ELEMENTS

Ignition Sources

Flammable Materials: Vapors, Sprays, and Liquids

Oxygen

DAMAGE MODES AND EFFECTS

Factors that Alter the Probabilities of Fires and Explosions

HARDENING APPROACHES

Reducing Fires

Reducing Explosions

TEST AND MODELING CONCERNS

Fire Modeling

Fire Testing

Explosion Modeling

Explosion Testing

11 Aircraft Fuel System Design Issues

AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM

Performance

Fuel Tanks

Engine Feed System

Fuel Quantity Measurement and Indication System

Fuel Jettison

Fuels

Safety

Tank Installations

Fuel Shutoff

Ignition Source Control

Fuel Carrying Components

Crashworthy Designs

Vent System

Lightning Protection

Compatibility

Considerations for Safety Fuels

Performance and Uses

History of Safety Fuels

RECOMMENDATIONS

IV Presented Papers Characterizing Fuel Fires

12 Combustion Fluid Mechanics: Tools and Methods

LAMINAR DIFFUSION FLAMES

Modeling Laminar Diffusion Flames

Laminar Diffusion Flame Structure

Laminar Diffusion Flamelet Concepts

BUOYANT TURBULENT NONCOMBUSTING FLOWS.

Modeling Buoyant Turbulent Flows

Self-Preserving Buoyant Turbulent Flows

Turbulence Model Predictions

Numerical Simulations of Turbulence

BUOYANT TURBULENT DIFFUSION FLAMES

Modeling Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flames

Turbulent Diffusion Flame Structure

Modeling Flame Radiation

Flame Radiation Predictions

TURBULENT SPRAYS AND SPRAY FLAMES

Modeling Sprays

Drop Breakup

Spray Predictions

13 Fundamentals of Fuel Ignition and Flammability

IGNITION AND FLAME SPREAD ABOVE A LIQUID FUEL POOL

IGNITION OF GASEOUS COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES

SPRAY IGNITION AND FLAME PROPAGATION

TWO-FUEL STRATEGY

CONCLUDING REMARKS

14 Post-Crash Fuel Dispersal

FUEL DISPERSAL IN THE CONTEXT OF A CRASH

Fuel Dispersal Processes in Medium Velocity Impacts

Fuel Dispersal Processes in High Velocity Impacts

Engineering Tools for Post-Crash Fuel Dispersal

RISK-BASED DECISION

CONCLUSIONS

Appendices

Appendix A Workshop Participants

Appendix B New Concepts in Fuel Fire Research: Final Summary Report of Short-Term Advisory Services (STAS) Team

Executive Summary

Preface

Introduction

Technical Issues

Fire-Resistant Fuel, The Problem Definition

Fuel Spillage

Ignition

Flame Propagation and Pool Ignition

Effects of Base Fuel Physical Properties

Typical Fuel Systems/Engine Systems Encountered

Methods for Producing Fire-Resistant Fuel Properties

Antimisting Agents

Engine/Fuel System Retrofit

Rapid Addition of Antimisting Agent to Fuel Tank During Fire Hazard Period Only

Association Polymers

Higher Flash Point Fuels/Fuel Cooling

Liquid/Gas Interface Dilution

Halon Suppressants

Addition to the Fuel Itself.

Injection and Mixing in the Fuel Compartments After Impact

Jacketing of the Fuel Tank

Liquid Halon Deluge of Fuel Spill

Gelling Agents

Combinations of These Methods

Specific Task Discussions

Background Review Summary

Review of Proposed Approaches for New Program

Addition of Halon Compounds to Diesel Fuel

Addition of Association Polymers to Diesel Fuel

Co-Addition of Halons and Association Polymers

Milestone Plan and Phases

Recommended Additional Approaches

Success Potential

Bibliography (In Addition to Briefings Packages Distributed at Meeting)

Stas Team Participants

Meeting Attendees

Appendix C Biographical Sketches of the Committee Members and Technical Consultant

Members

Technical Consultant.

Notes:

"NMAB-490."

Papers from the Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety, held on November 19-20, 1996 at the Nation Research Council's Georgetown Facility, Washington, D.C.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-309-17451-1

1-280-21057-5

9786610210572

0-309-55342-3

0-585-03709-4

OCLC:

42636413